This video lesson covers fundamental electrical engineering concepts including power factor (defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power, or resistance to impedance), selectivity in series RLC circuits (where selectivity equals resonant frequency divided by bandwidth, and higher selectivity occurs with lower resistance), phase relationships in AC circuits (where current lags voltage by 90° in purely inductive circuits), and three-phase star connected systems (where line voltage is √3 times phase voltage and line current equals phase current). The instructor emphasizes understanding the relationship between voltage and current waveforms to identify lagging or leading power factors, and explains that power factor is always measured between phase voltage and phase current.
Deep Dive
Prerequisite Knowledge
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Where to go next
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Deep Dive
OBJECTIVE SERIES||#RRBJE CBT-2 ||#PGCIL || DIPLOMA ACADEMY PATNA ||PINTU SIRAdded:
The sound is clear, isn't it off, look, let it go quietly, look here, see the session, what is the set number, five, but today it has been six, isn't it, five are common sets, till now how many questions would have been attempted in total, 7000 or not, 7000 questions, if you think about it, we have made you do this much with complete solution, if this remains in your mind, then more questions can come, somewhere yes, it will come, 7000 questions, this is 7000 questions, now when the form comes, then tell me, the cost in BSPCL is 1500, right, will you fill it, now it has become ₹100 in Bihar, isn't it, earlier the cost was 1500, I had filled it, I had passed it, you fool, now your diploma is completed in 25, so senior, forget everything, what did you say, leave it, he is saying in series RLC circuit selectivity is defined as selectivity, listen here first here he is saying selectivity, what is he saying, selectivity means q factor, what is q equal to 1 /r under root l /c and what is FR bandwidth, it is resonant end frequency divided by bandwidth. Do you understand? From here, observe carefully that the selectivity of the series resonant circuit will be high when the resistance of the circuit is low. No, the resistance of the circuit will decrease. So this resonance of yours will be more narrow. What will happen? Too narrow. And saying more narrow means that more current is being accepted at a particular frequency. Do you understand?
So what is the circuit doing more at a particular frequency? He is accepting. Are you able to understand?
And which circuit do we call series RLC circuit? Also called acceptor circuit. to the resonant circuit.
We also call the series resonant circuit as the acceptor circuit.
So the selectivity here is a ratio of what? Resonant frequency and bandwidth. Who will be the answer number? Are?
Everyone is right. I made a mistake.
Today we went to Akshay's shop twice in the afternoon and told him that brother, I will not bring his notes today.
Look, it is saying which of the following statements is correct for a pure inductor and a pure inductive circuit will be an inductor AC circuit, it is written, it is saying which of the following is a pure inductive circuit, see here first what is it, it is a pure inductive circuit, it is an AC circuit, so see in a pure inductive circuit, this is a voltage and there is a current, did you understand, so what is it, it is an inductive circuit, its phase diagram should be written, if we take the current as reference, then your voltage will be here.
No no, what do you mean? There is a 90 degree angle between voltage and current.
And in a purely inductive circuit, the current lags the voltage by 90 degrees.
If we take voltage as reference brother then current lags behind you by 90°.
If not, what will be the equivalent of phi? 90° Any problem? Now look at 90°, what is p equal to? vi cos so 90 degrees so what will p become? 0 q reactive power vi sin phi is not what then the value of sin 90 is one, consider q equal to vi q = s is not equal to apparent power, the total apparent power will be equal to reactive power. Can anyone give the definition of Apparent Power? Total power transfer from source to load. The total power transfer from source to load is called apparent power. Tell me who is matching? What will become of the active power? Now pay attention that this phase diagram does not show all the instantaneous values. All these are RMS values. Who has value? is the RMS value. Did you understand? Who values? Let's go to the next question. It is saying that these three phase star connected systems are three phase star connected systems.
Look, we made it. It is a three phase star connected system. The voltage induced in each winding. Look, the voltage in each binding is called phase voltage. What do you say? The voltage across each binding is the phase voltage. What do you say, which voltage? And this is the star point or neutral point. And what is this that is yours?
This resulted in this line. And what happens between two lines is the line voltage.
Whatever is taken out from the neutral becomes the neutral wire. So the voltage between neutral and one line will be equal to the phase voltage.
clear? You also know that in a star connected system the line current is equal to the phase current. No, the line voltage is 3 times the phase voltage.
how much is a? No, if you talk about active power then it is 3 * vl * IL * cos phi, right? If you talk further then 3 * VP * IP * cos phi If you take it in terms of phase voltage phase current then active power A If you take it in terms of line voltage line current then active power A Does this power factor tell? Look, when you talk about power factor in a three phase system, then the power factor in a three phase system, the power factor angle, is always between the phase voltage and the phase current, dot line voltage and line current, so tell me what is the induced EMF in each binding called, phase voltage, answer number, say alternating currents and voltages are represented by a straight line.
Represented by a straight line. This means that phase is over. Suppose this is voltage and this is current. So what is this about you? Which one is it? It is a phase. And who values the phaser? RMS value. We have a straight line with an arrow to represent the magnitude and direction. What does it represent along with the magnitude? Direction. This representation is called alternating quantity, pulsating quantity, vector quantity. However, this is called phase. What do you say? And what is phase? is a rotating vector that rotates in the anticlockwise direction.
Where does it rotate?
Anticlockwise. Who will it be? C your three all four are correct, not yours, Varun's village brother, hey Arun's, yes, okay, not yesterday, people Arun sir, I knew, hey the oil chutta has come, cockroach Janata Party, hey remove that cockroach Janata Party person, all these are American agents. Remove this.
Hey look Abhishek Cockroach, join Janata Party.
[laughter] Oh, get rid of it, brother.
He came to include us in the party. Please join Sir.
We are teaching Star Delta here. There will be trouble there.
Now all these names will come. Frog Janata Party, Cockroach Janata Party, Tipkili Mahila Party, all these [laughs] now all these parties, where are their names now? Did you understand? Now there is no name. Now only these names will come. Now where is the name? The second is Janata Party. See Average Power Consumed by a Purely Inductive Load.
Look, it is a purely inductive load. So average power consumed average power means P = VI cos, this VI cos phi that you see is the average power. Which power is it? The power consumed in one cycle of your AC input is called average power.
Which power are you talking about? What do we call the power consumed in a bicycle? Average power. Did you understand?
So this formula is not the RMS power of average power. This does not happen. Power will either be Apparent or Reactive or Active.
If we look normally at this circuit, there will be either instantaneous power or average power. Did you understand? Instantaneous power is always measured in watts. Always measured in instantaneous power is always expressed in what? In watts. Did you understand? So look it is saying average power consumed by purely inductive load. So in a purely inductive load, you know, it is a purely inductive circuit. Accept this brother, this is voltage. This is current. So look, this is voltage and this is current.
How many degrees is the angle between the two? 90 degrees. So the average consumed power vi cos 90 is equal to what? He is saying the knowledge of dot dot will enable who called in the class, people will call in the class.
What have you written? Knowledge of will enables the RS value. Who values?
To find from the arithmetic mean value means average value. Meaning, which one is yours? What is yours with whose information?
If you have information about the RMS value, then with the help of the RMS value you can find out the mean value.
Which form factor because what is your form factor? The form factor is equal to the RMS value divided by the average value.
Who will be average brother?
Yes. And the form factor for sinusoidal becomes 1. He is saying in case of alternating current the current flows tell me who will be the answer?
What will happen to you? Your alternating current flows in both directions.
But this happens periodically. What happens?
What happens? What does periodic mean, what happens to your direction after a certain period of time? It changes. Who will be the answer?
Periodically reverse direction.
What will be the answer number?
What is the unit of reactive power in an electric circuit? Reactive power q equals [laughter] vi sin phi. If its unit is seen then it is volt ampere reactive. What happens? Volt Ampere Reactive. Tell me who is right?
Coulomb second is the unit of what?
wait. You guys have told you guys. I will tell you tomorrow. Hey, there is a dipole unit.
Dipole moment Hey when two equal and opposite charges are at a small distance from each other then dipole is formed and what is dipole moment pi equal to? What is q * 2L 2L? The distance between the two charges is. Did you understand? What will happen to this? It will be a coolant meter.
What is a coulomb second? Tell.
So what is I equal to? Q/P Coolum at sec. And tell me something about this, get it from somewhere and add it, what is a watt, tell me what is the unit of power for a dipole, coulomb meter, did you understand, what is a dipole, coulomb meter, how much is a coulomb second, that will not be there, I thought it was a meter, did not see, the power is expressed in kVA, which power is expressed in kVA, tell me which is the apparent power, which is expressed in kVA, what is the apparent power, k and s equal to, what is v * i, tell me all this will be revealed quickly, which of the following will be equal to the power factor of any circuit, see the power factor is like this, that means your vi cos phi divided by vi will be reactive power divided by apparent power, will not be wrong, resistance divided by reactance will not be conductivity, will not be reactance, which will give this, those who are not able to see will say that sir, I am not able to see, come, come here, sitting there in the corner, now it will be visible, give the bag near the bag, give it to Divya, he is saying when there is a difference of 90° between current and voltage the circuit will be look listen here first it is not said whether the leading is leading or lagging, nothing has been said, it has been said directly how many degrees is there between voltage and current? It is 90 degrees. Did you understand?
What is your 90 degree angle? There is an angle. So there will never be unity power factor because power factor is the cosine of the angle between voltage and current. So this can never happen. There will be zero power factor at all. We cannot say leading or lagging because the question has not been mentioned.
Now when it has not been mentioned in the question then what will you say?
Not leading or lagging, we identify leading and lagging only by current. If the current lags behind the voltage then it is lagging. If current leads voltage then leading.
Who will be the answer?
Power in a purely resistive circuit is equal to power in a purely resistive circuit.
Meaning you have only pure resistance.
What happens? V and I then the power average power VI cos 1 but what will be the angle between voltage and current in a purely resistive circuit? V and I mean Vrms and Irms, these are RMS values. Who values? Who will it be?
Well, all this is fine. Checking the basics.
Everything is fine. There is no problem.
So from tomorrow the hardness will increase a little. He is saying what is the but tomorrow we will take the machine first because today's set has more machines. It is saying what is the nature of power factor of this circuit whose voltage and current waveforms are on in the below diagram. What is this of yours?
What is the relation between voltage and current in a circuit? The diagram is like this. Look carefully, Babu. What is your when of voltage and current? If the voltage is zero then the current is negative. If the voltage is zero then the current. When the voltage is maximum, what is the current happening? Zero. Are you not able to understand or not? This means that the current is lagging behind the voltage.
From voltage. But the thing to note here is that when this is your maximum then it is zero. This means at maximum e/2. So this means it will also be π/2. This means that the current is lagging behind the voltage by 90 degrees.
By how many degrees? So it is lagging by 90 degrees brother. It is lagging by 90 degrees.
Who? Current. So what will be the power factor when the current is lagging? Lagging. What will happen? Because we identify lagging and leading by current. What will be the answer?
Everything should be correct, you guys, in face difference, in face difference dot dot alternating quantity is one that reaches its highest and zero value later than any other value, saying in face difference alternating quantity is one that reaches its highest and zero value later than any other quantity. Listen, here first there is a quantity, let's say it is A. Ok? Second quantity, suppose what is yours?
Look at this, when it is at zero, it is lagging behind, when it is at maximum, it is not at zero right now, this means that this yellow one is lagging behind the red one, so the current of the yellow one makes the voltage of the red one, then this means what is the current doing to the voltage, it is saying that such a quantity whose zero and maximum value comes behind the other quantity, then it is called lagging quantity. Which quantity? Answer who?
Now it seems he has come sometime in the semester also. Did you come?
So, Arun's brother is also a JE, right?
Where is the RRB JE posted? He is in Nagpur. Both the brothers have become JEs.
Chandan had gone to PGCL, well he also became JE, wow, very good. Is there everyone in the village? How much is needed?
Four to three people in the village, so one to seven to eight.
These are also Lola.
This is the village. No, see, Arun was from the first batch, he passed out in 17, so he went to UPPCL. He is saying that the power factor of a circuit can be defined as which of the following. Power factor is the ratio of apparent power to real power. Doesn't it mean your apparent power? If he is saying S / P then it will be wrong, whereas what is power factor P / S then it will be wrong.
Ratio of resistance to impedance R /Z seems to be correct.
Ratio of resistance to reactance will be wrong.
Ratio of real power to reactive power, this will also be wrong. Who will be the answer?
Saying in three phase star connected system point n is known as a star connected system. So N point is called neutral point or star point.
Which point? It is called star point or neutral point. Who will it be?
Look, let me tell you one thing. In the exam, many students will never study small topics like units. He thinks he will make the unit and sometimes the unit will run with errors. He doesn't do it and walks away. Do you know how to do it or not by making a mistake?
He thinks we will create the dimension.
Sometimes he says dimension and he will make a mistake in the dimension. Therefore, practice the small things once or twice in between. If there are units, then check the units of all the quantities once.
This happens and if the unit was correct then the result would have been good sir. Hey stupid unit, it's not like that, if something happens it will be forgotten.
Now he will ask, what is your role in this, tell me what will be the units of electric field intensity in this? He will get confused. Which formulas are not there?
Therefore, it is not like that if someone thinks that we will throw away the chutney then sometimes the liquor seller will say okay, throw away the chutney. In between, check it once in 15 days or 10 days.
What's the problem in taking a look? Are? It is also written in TEMO, look, but if you look at it with love then it is fine, look here first the phase form of alternating current can be expressed in, look, what is expressed in phase like A and A, what is expressed in phasor, only sinusoidal quantity, which sinusoidal quantity is expressed, did he understand, he did not understand, he did not understand, he did not understand, who will do it, okay he is saying that the difference between the two alternating quantities is called phase difference. The Difference Between the Times. There will be no time, there will be no length.
Phase The difference between the phase angle of two alternating quantities is called phase. So what will we call the phase angle, i.e. the difference in phase angle between two quantities? This will also not happen. Who will be the answer? C. It is saying that the phases are assumed to be rotated in anticlockwise direction. The phase is assumed to be rotating in the anticlockwise direction. Did you understand? Yes. Who will be the answer?
Saying capacitive reactance is the inverse proportion of XC equals what? 1/2 F * C So C and F are current, not voltage, not frequency.
What will be the answer? He is saying the variation in effective width of base in bipolar junction transistor. Look at the variation in effective width in your bipolar junction transistor. He is saying the variation in effective width of bipolar junction, sorry the variation in the effective width of base in bipolar junction transistor is due to a variation in the applied voltage, we must have told you guys what is the early effect, which effect is the early effect, what is the early effect, change in collector current due to change in collector base voltage is called early effect, means your collector base voltage which is collector base junction reverse bias, for in proper operation of transistor always what is reverse, so when you change it, the width of the depletion layer changes here, what happens, he is saying the variation in the effective width of a base in bi polar junction transistor, so this is yours, suppose this is the base, this is the emitter, this is the base, this is the collector, when you change this voltage, when you change the voltage in between, because it is reverse base. The depletion layer will change. The depletion layer width will change. The same is said for the variation in the effective width of a base in a bipolar junction transistor is due to a variation in the applied base to collector voltage.
No collector current. No emitter current.
Emitter collector voltage no. Who will it be?
Wrong.
Whose? Whose mistake was it? Wrong. Got it, point it.
Five sets of solutions have been made. The answers to all five should be on your face, Babu. Suppose one day he tells me to make this set and show it to you. If I make a mistake, I will beat you.
Right now we have set a target of 1000 questions or we will do 1000 plus questions by 28th June.
After 28th, will you all go, will you go on the 28th, this is the entire centre, the centre is given in PGCL, where will you go, you will also go, Shivnandan, where will you go, you have taken so many jobs, now give the poor people a job, where is the centre, yes then go, Mumbai is not on the way, and where is the centre, it is closer, there is WhatsApp, oh where have you broken the centre, don't say this, NCL and N3 are saying [laughs] see, here first it is saying, which connection is this transistor of common base connection, it is a common base connection. Pull it first.
Draw the lines. Suppose you have taken NPA transistor. NPA transistor.
Well, your base is done. What happened? The emitter is done.
And what happened? Collector. Let's go to the common base connection. The ratio of change in output current. So the change in output current is. Did you understand? The emitter will emit current. He will enter Akra. If it enters one then what will be the output current in one? IC So change in IC by saying the ratio of change in output current to the change in input current change input current who? Emitter Delta I at Constant Collector Base Voltage. If the collector base voltage is kept constant then it is called alpha and this is called current amplification factor or current gain.
No, the answer number is there, correct the mistake.
Teach. I have taught you so much analog.
Normal question will make a mistake. I have taught analog for one and a half month.
When they are saying that the exams have just come, they have taken up tuition home tuition. Ca n't study at home.
You will come back with a mistake in this question. If you hit someone, there will be a result. It's done, I will cool it down by force.
Saying these unbiased PAP transistors is a PAP transistor. Look, there's a PAP transistor here first. What is? PA P transistor. It is saying unbiased PAP transistor. The barrier voltage R on the base and on the emitter and collector. So look, here is the barrier voltage, you know what does it do with the bias voltage, what does it oppose, what does the transistor do on the PA, did you understand, so try to understand it carefully, so look what is yours, what is this junction, tell me it is reverse bias and reverse bias means that the voltage that will be applied here, the voltage that will be applied here will be applied like this, no, the voltage that we will apply here will be applied like this, otherwise listen, here first of all the barrier potential here will be there, sorry, the barrier potential here, the voltage that will be there will be supporting the barrier voltage because how is the barrier potential already created here, due to the depletion layer width, that is, when the junction is formed, the depletion layer width will be created, your barrier potential will appear, so what is yours, look, this is a reverse bias junction, that is, what will this voltage always be in support of it, so if you see, saying supportive means this kind of thing, there will not be any problem and the voltage that will be there, what will the barrier potential be doing, sister? Did you understand? Yes. So look, here he must be opposing the sorry for saying support. So tell me how does opposition happen? So this is subtractive polarity and this here is additive polarity. Which polarity is it? has additive polarity. So how do you draw the barrier potential here? Tell. So can anyone tell me?
If you draw the barrier potential here like this, the equivalent circuit will be like this and tell me how will you draw the barrier potential here, if you draw it like this then what is coming out for you, tell me it is positive and which answer will be wrong, yes the barrier potential will not be like this, it will not be clear like this, if this is not there then if you show your barrier potential in the equivalent circuit then you will show it like this. clear? Hey brother, look here first is this PN junction. Suppose we have applied this voltage. The forward voltage is VF. Well then.
Draw its equivalent circuit. So what do you draw? This is what we draw.
This became the ideal diode. This became a V note.
This became forward resistance. This total applied voltage becomes VF.
This is what happens. Hey, look what is our applied voltage? If you look at this VF, the positives of both are connected together. Is it clear there? Did n't you understand?
What is your diode? Approximate became an approximate equivalent circuit.
This is your forward bias diode.
Understood? So this happens in opposition to the barrier potential.
So when will the protest take place? When the positive of the barrier potential and its positive are connected together. You must have taught in the network that when the battery is connected with subtractive and additive polarity, what will be the resultant voltage? So this is subtractive polarity, right?
Who will be the answer? Let us go. It is being said that in a transistor the region is widest and the region is thinnest, so if we take a transistor then what is your emitter base collector which is the collector region, is the widest because it collects and accepts the charge carrier, understand and this is moderately doped, this is highly doped and this is lightly doped. Here I am asking in a transistor region is widest and which region? Collector and the region is thinest. Who will be the base region? This will not happen. The emitter is given here so who will it be? D. He is saying stability factor R is defined as look at you guys we should tell you stability factor S change in collector current change in by change in collector current per unit change in collector base voltage Icbo or Ico is called stability factor is called change in collector current [laughs] per unit change in collector base voltage this is called leakage current. Which current?
When we taught you the biasing of transistors, we must have told you about the stability factor. Did you understand? Yes. So it is saying that change in collector current per unit change in collector base voltage or collector leakage current is called stability factor.
Tell me who will it be? So who will it be? Collector base leakage current and collector current. Wrong. There will be no emitter current. Collector base leakage current Collector current and collector base leakage current Answer: Who will be D is saying that in case of PA junction diode the change in temperature due to heating changes in in case of PN junction diode, one boy messaged that D is 24, right brother, what is yours, which boy's devotional channel ji, he is writing that so much has come in technician daily, so brother, technician classes are not going on, sir, this is the class of junior engineer in which 10-12 technicians work, I understood, you are seeing that so much has come in technician daily, so this is the class of junior engineer in which 10-12 technicians work and technicians apply for leave to JE. Sir Abhinay, I request you to understand [laughs] Okay. Preparing to become a technician. It's a good thing. But these people are junior engineers. Hey, it is not there now, it will be done tomorrow. Yes, yes. Come to me only after getting a job as a junior engineer.
Because he has done diploma, he is preparing for junior engineer.
It is not that you just fill the cook form here and come back as a cook. Sir, the result is out and he is also being garlanded.
Making videos will not work at all. Come and join the batch that is running.
See, Piu also got a job by going to the market committee.
Come disciple, come here. A mad man will tell him that this boy is so hardworking, hey brother, it is better for him to fill the form of cook, you should not do a job, Babuji, you should go and prepare here, with a big dream, you are going here as a cook, I will not accept anything less than a junior engineer, yes he is not doing this, even a small job is a job. But I am saying that whatever has to be done brother, it should not be less than that of a junior engineer. Did you understand?
At least 4200, not less than this brother. It is saying in case of PN junction diode the change in temperature due to heating. So the PN junction diode changes in temperature due to heating. What will change when you change it? leakage current. Who? The leakage current will not change. Now when the leakage current changes, what will be the Vi characteristic? If such leakage current changes then it will not happen like this. The leakage current will change. Look, the lowest leakage current is here, by increasing the temperature a little the graph will come down and if you increase the temperature then the graph will come like this and if you increase the temperature then the graph will come down further. So it is being said that in case of PN junction diode the change in temperature due to heating only affect reverse resistance, generally what happens to you almost remains the same, it will only affect the forward resistance, no cause no change in the resistance of PN junction will not affect the entire VI characteristic of PN junction, which will change, yes due to temperature changing the minority charge carrier gets affected and due to minority charge carrier leakage current flows.
Which current? Leakage current flows. Do you understand? Have you written anything?
Not sir, not even assistant junior engineer gets it brother. Assistant Junior Engineer Compost is [sound of clearing throat] saying these metal oxide semiconductor fet metal oxide semiconductor fet mosfet see how gamma is made the question maker has written the full form of these metal oxide semiconductor metal oxide semiconductor fet as itna and itna is written as such. Did you understand? Yes, so it is saying the metal oxide layer. So look, listen here first, we must have told you people here first.
Suppose there is n. N is this and what is this yours? There is SiO2 layer.
Who is it?
No SiO2 layer and here we have deposited the metal.
This metal is deposited. So it behaves like a dialectic, right? How does he behave? Because here the channel is induced. So the channel behaves like a conducting layer. This is also a metal, this is also a conducting metal, this also behaves like a conductor. So how will an insulator between two conductors behave? Did you understand? It is saying that in a semiconductor diode the ratio of change in forward base voltage delta VF across the diode to change in current in the diode means what is your delta If, this is called AC forward resistance. What is said? It is saying the current amplification factor for a transistor in a common base configuration.
See, if it is a common base configuration, then the value of alpha is given as 0.75. If the emitter current is 4 amperes, IE is given as how much is 4 amperes. So let us know what is alpha equal to, IC by IE = how much will it be? If we do not assume 3/4, what will be IC equal to?
Hey, it's only 3/4. This is messed up.
Wait, not 3 by 4 * IEEE, and what is the value of I? So what will IC be equal to? 3 A No. Now look, IB is asking, so it is said that IE - IC, subtract three from four, it becomes one [laughs] Okay, let's go, one, fine, so the basic thing for you guys is fine, from tomorrow the hardness will increase a little, there will be some numerical also, the built-in potential of PN junction, see how much is the potential build-up in the PN junction, tell me, listen, here first your barrier potential develops, V note, it is 0.7 for silicon, 0.3 for germanium, but it depends on what, brother, it depends on doping, on what, and it also depends on temperature, if you increase the temperature, what will happen to you by 2 millivolts per degree centigrade, it will decrease, that is, if you increase the temperature by 8 degrees centigrade, your barrier potential will decrease by 2 millivolts, what will happen to you by 2 millivolts, the barrier potential will decrease, understood, doping will increase, the barrier potential will decrease, understood, increasing the doping decreases the depletion layer width.
Who will be the answer depends on both temperature and dumping concentration emoji echo has been sent empty. What do you send?
Tell me you're so emoji sad this summer. It has just started raining. Ok. If the value of common base current gain.
How much is the common base current gain alpha given? 0.98 then the value of the common collector gain, well alpha is given, so you are asking about gamma, so gamma is equal to 1 + beta, otherwise we can find it like this also, gamma is equal to 1 / 1 - alpha is also there, tell me it is wrong, oh tell me sir, tell me how much is 1 minus, then tell me how much is 0 98? 50 will come.
Well, at least you guys are fine. The basics are very correct.
At higher forward voltage the junction diode is likely to see higher forward voltage. There's your junction diode. Understand carefully.
So what about you? Guess what this is yours?
is the rated forward voltage. What is this? This is your rated what will you be? The rated forward current will be If you go above this, the forward current will also increase. And when this forward current increases and you go above this, what will happen to you? Due to this, more heat will develop in your diode.
Because power loss will increase. If the power loss increases then it will get burnt due to high heat.
Hey brother, there is a rated voltage. So, suppose this is the rated forward voltage, the corresponding current will be the rated forward current, i.e., the rated value, do you understand the meaning? What does that mean to you? Up to this much your safe current can flow through the diode. If it goes above this, your diode may burn. Did you understand?
So what will be the answer? is saying the operating point of a transistor. See What is the operating point of a transistor?
Who will become the cue point or cue set point?
The collector to the base configuration of a common emitter transistor. What are you saying?
The collector to base configuration of common emitter transistor is common emitter transistor plus VCC ARC is saying the collector to base bias collector to base bias is RB base bias the collector to base bias configuration of common emitter transistor implications voltage shunt negative feedback this is what will happen this will be voltage shunt negative feedback answer who will be hey you guys have been taught biasing go and see it it will also be written in it someone has come up with voltage shunt feedback hey just now whatever analog is taught you have been told a base bias resistor method which is called fixed bias.
Saying these BJT for common emitter configuration the input characteristic is represented by a plot between see what is input characteristic? It curves between VBE VB and Between I B because in a common emitter transistor the input characteristic in a T configuration is the curve between your base current and base emitter voltage. Answer who?
That was wrong. Let go.
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