The 'Unbalanced' British Destroyers That Massacred The German Navy

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[00:00:00]April 13th, 1940. 0 930 hours. Of fjord, northern Norway. His majesty's ship Kasac led four tribal class destroyers into the narrow fjord at 36 knots.

[00:00:15]German destroyer Zed two Wilhelm Hide Camp opened fire at 8,000 yards.

[00:00:21]Standard British destroyers carried four 4.7 in guns. Kazak mounted eight. The first salvo from Kazak's forward turrets bracketed the German destroyer before Wilhelm Hide Camp could reload. The second salvo struck home. Within 6 minutes, three German destroyers were burning. The German destroyer commander action report captured after Narvik fell recorded his shock. British destroyers had twice his firepower. He had expected a fair fight. He got a massacre. The tribal class proved what the admiral had argued since 1936.

[00:00:56]Gunpower won destroyer battles. Torpedo tubes could wait. British destroyer doctrine entered 1936 with a problem.

[00:01:05]The Royal Navy had built 40 destroyers of the A through I classes between 1929 and 1937. Each mounted four 4.7in guns and single mounts, 8 to 10 21-in torpedo tubes, and light anti-aircraft armament.

[00:01:22]Standard destroyer design across all major navies followed this pattern.

[00:01:26]Balanced armament, surface engagement capability combined with torpedo striking power. The doctrine assumed destroyer combat would involve torpedo attacks against enemy capital ships, brief gun duels with enemy destroyers and fleet screening duties. The Spanish Civil War changed everything. British destroyers operating in Spanish waters during neutrality patrols faced a new threat. Land-based aircraft attacked with impunity. The Republican and nationalist air forces proved destroyers with four guns could not generate enough anti-aircraft fire to survive determined air attack. HMS Hunter and HMS Hostile, both H-class destroyers with standard four gun armament, required emergency maneuvers to avoid bombing runs. Their anti-aircraft guns could not deter.

[00:02:18]Action reports from 1936 and 1937 documented repeated near misses.

[00:02:24]Destroyer captains reported inadequate defensive fire. Four guns could not sustain enough volume. Air attack was not the only lesson. Surface actions off the Spanish coast showed modern destroyer combat emphasized gunfire over torpedoes. Enemy destroyers engaged at ranges between 8,000 and 12,000 yd.

[00:02:46]Torpedo attack required closing to under 5,000 yd. Destroyers with superior gun batteries could keep enemy destroyers beyond torpedo range while destroying them with sustained gunfire. The destroyer that could put more shells on target faster won the engagement. four guns were not enough. The Admiral T director of naval construction reviewed the Spanish reports in October 1936.

[00:03:11]His conclusion was direct. British destroyers needed double the gun armament. Torpedo tubes could be reduced to accommodate the additional guns and their magazines. The surface action doctrine had changed. British destroyers would fight gun duels and provide mass anti-aircraft fire for the fleet.

[00:03:30]Torpedo attack was secondary. The Admiral T app approved the tribal class design in December 1936.

[00:03:37]The design brief specified 84.7in guns as the primary requirement.

[00:03:43]Everything else was negotiable. Naval architects at the Admiral T and Vickers Armstrong began work in January 1937.

[00:03:51]The challenge was fitting eight guns on a destroyer hole without creating an unstable overweight vessel. Standard British destroyer displacement was approximately 1,350 tons. Eight guns with their turrets, magazines, and fire control equipment added significant top weight. The design team increased displacement to 1,870 tons standard, 2519 tons at full load. This made Tribals the largest British destroyers yet built.

[00:04:21]The armament layout mounted eight 4.7 in Mark12 guns in four twin turrets. two turrets forward, designated A and B mounting. Two turrets aft, designated X and Y mounting. The Mark 12 gun was the standard Royal Navy destroyer weapon.

[00:04:37]Each gun fired a 50 lb shell to 18,400 yards maximum range. Practical combat range was 12,000 yd. Rate of fire was 12 rounds per minute per gun with a well-trained crew. Eight guns delivered 96 rounds per minute. This was twice the firepower of standard destroyers. The Mark 12 used separate ammunition. Each shell and cordite charge loaded individually. This made the weapons slower than bag charge guns, but more reliable and safer. Flash fires from magazine explosions, a constant fear after Jutland, were less likely with separate ammunition. The fire control system used a single director control tower mounted on the bridge. The director contained a combined optical rangefinder and control position. Range information fed to a mechanical computer below decks that calculated firing solutions. All four turrets could be controlled from the director or individual turrets could engage independently. The director system meant coordinated fire from all eight guns.

[00:05:39]Salvos landed simultaneously.

[00:05:42]Spotting corrections applied to the entire battery. This was far more effective than independent turret firing. The torpedo armament was deliberately reduced. four 21-in torpedo tubes and a single quadruple mounting amid ships. Standard destroyers carried eight to 10 tubes. The tribal class sacrificed half the torpedo capability for gun power. The Admiral T considered this acceptable. Surface combat doctrine emphasized gunfire. Torpedoes remained available for opportunity targets, but were not the primary weapon. Each torpedo had a warhead of 750 lb of Niacs explosive. Range was 15,000 yards at 30 knots or 10,000 yards at 40 knots.

[00:06:24]Torpedoes provided a finishing capability against damaged targets, but the guns would do the killing.

[00:06:30]Anti-aircraft armament consisted of four two pounder pompom guns and a single quadruple mounting and 8503 in machine guns. The PMP pom mounting was located between the funnels. Maximum effective range was 4,000 yd against aircraft.

[00:06:46]Rate of fire was 96 rounds per minute combined. The 0503in machine guns were distributed around the superructure for close-range defense. This anti-aircraft suite was light by later war standards, but in 1937 represented standard destroyer practice. The Spanish Civil War showed volume of fire mattered more than individual weapon effectiveness.

[00:07:08]Eight main guns could engage aircraft in addition to the dedicated anti-aircraft weapons. This gave tribals far better air defense than standard destroyers.

[00:07:18]Propulsion used Parson's geared steam turbines. Two sets of turbines drove two propeller shafts. Three Admiral T3 drum boilers generated steam at 300 lb per square in. Total shaft horsepower was 44,000.

[00:07:34]Maximum speed on trials reached 36.5 knots. Service speed was 36 knots. range was 5,700 nautical miles at 15 knots.

[00:07:45]This made tribals slightly slower than the newest J and Kclass destroyers, which reached 40 knots, but the gun armament compensated. A destroyer that could destroy the enemy before the enemy closed to effective range did not need to be the fastest ship afloat. The compliment was 219 officers and men.

[00:08:04]This was significantly higher than standard destroyers which carried 145 to 160. The additional crew operated the extra gun turrets and magazines. Manning was a concern. The Royal Navy was chronically short of trained personnel.

[00:08:20]Each tribal class ship required 50% more crew than a standard destroyer. The Admiral T accepted this cost. One tribal was worth two standard destroyers in combat effectiveness. The crew per effective gun ratio was actually improved. Construction of the tribal class began in 1937. 16 ships were ordered initially. Vickers Armstrong at Barrow, John Brown at Clyde Bank, Fairfield at Goven, Alexander Steven at Goven, Denny at Dumbartan, Swan Hunter at Walls End, and Portsmith Dockyard received contracts. First ship of the class HMS Afridi was laid down May 1937.

[00:09:04]Launch occurred June 1938.

[00:09:08]Commissioning was May 1939. The entire class entered service between May 1939 and September 1940. Build time averaged 15 to 18 months. This was faster than contemporary cruiser construction, but slower than standard destroyers. The increased size and complexity required even more time. 27 tribalclass destroyers were completed for the Royal Navy. Four additional ships were built for the Royal Canadian Navy and three for the Royal Australian Navy. Total production reached 34 vessels. This made the tribal class the largest British destroyer class by individual ship displacement and one of the largest by numbers. The Royal Navy committed substantial resources to the gun heavy destroyer concept. Before we get into the combat record, if you're enjoying this deep dive into Royal Navy destroyer innovation, a quick subscribe helps more than you know. The tribal class entered combat in April 1940 during the Norwegian campaign. The German invasion of Norway began April 9th, 1940. The marine deployed 10 destroyers to seize Narvik in northern Norway. These were the Zer Sturer 1936 and 1936 Aclass ships. Each mounted five 5-in guns and single mounts, 821in torpedo tubes, and anti-aircraft weapons. German destroyers were larger than standard British destroyers, displacing 2,400 tons, but tribals matched them in size and exceeded them in gunpower. Eight 4.7 in guns against five 5-in guns. The British had a 60% advantage in main battery firepower. The first battle of Narvik occurred April 10th, 1940. Five British destroyers, including HMS Hardy, HMS Hotspur, and HMS Hostile, attacked 10 German destroyers inut fjord. Hardy and Hotspur were standard Hclass destroyers with four guns each. Hostile was also H-class. The British force was heavily outnumbered but achieved surprise. Hardy sank two German destroyers and damaged three others before German return fire disabled Hardy. The action proved surprise and aggression could overcome numbers but also showed four gun destroyers were outmatched in sustained combat. Hardy's captain specifically requested heavier gun armament in his final report before the ship was scuttled. The second battle of Narvik occurred April 13th, 1940. This was the tribal class combat debut. The British force included battleship HMS Warp Spite and nine destroyers. Four were tribal class, HMS Casac, HMS Bedawin, HMS Eskimo, and HMS Punjabi. The other five were standard destroyers. Warp Spit's 15-in guns provided overwhelming firepower, but the tribals demonstrated their worth in destroyer versus destroyer combat. German destroyer Zed 2 Wilhelm Hide Camp engaged Khazak at 0930 hours. Kaak's first eight gun salvo straddled the German ship. The second salvo scored three hits. Wilhelm Hideamp returned fire with her five guns, but could not match Kazak's volume of fire.

[00:12:30]Within 6 minutes, Wilhelm Hide Camp was burning and dead in the water. Eskimo engaged German destroyer Z's 7 Hermon Showman at 0945 hours. The engagement range was 9,000 yd. Eskimo fired 20. Four rounds in the first 2 minutes. Eight gun salvos every 15 seconds. Herman Showman fired 14 rounds in the same period. Eskimo's salvos walked onto target. The third salvo struck Herman Shman's bridge and forward gunmount. The fourth salvo penetrated the engine room. Hermon Showman lost power and drifted into the fjord shore. Eskimo ceased fire and moved to the next target. The gun advantage allowed tribals to destroy targets quickly and engage multiple enemies in succession. Standard destroyers with four guns required prolonged engagement to achieve kills.

[00:13:24]Beduin and Punjabi engaged targets of opportunity throughout the action. Both ships fired over 150 rounds each. Post battle damage assessment credited the four tribals with sinking five German destroyers and damaging two others. The five standard destroyers in the British force accounted for three kills and one damaged. The tribals representing 44% of the British. Destroyer force achieved 62% of the confirmed kills. Gun superiority translated directly to combat effectiveness. German destroyer commanders recognized this immediately.

[00:13:59]Captured German naval staff papers from May 1940 referenced the Narvik engagement. One passage noted British destroyers with heavy gun armament posed a severe threat. German destroyer tactics were revised to avoid engagement with tribal class ships unless German destroyers had numerical superiority of 2:1 or greater. The Mediterranean theater provided extensive combat testing. 12 tribal class destroyers served in the Mediterranean fleet between June 1940 and May 1943. The operational environment emphasized surface combat and air defense. Italian destroyers and German eboats provided surface threats. Axis aircraft attacked constantly. Tribals performed both missions effectively. HMS Nubian, HMS Maui, HMS Zulu, and HMS Seek. It operated as a division throughout the Malta convoy battles. These four ships escorted 17 convoys between June 1941 and August 1942. They engaged Italian destroyers four times, Italian torpedo boats twice, and German Eboats once. In each engagement, superior gunpower allowed the tribals to drive off attacks without convoy losses. The engagement off Pantelleria August 5th, 1941, demonstrated tribal effectiveness. The Malta convoy substance was attacked by six Italian destroyers at 2200 hours.

[00:15:29]The four tribals, Nubian, Mori, Zulu, and Seek counteratt attacked immediately. Engagement range was 7,000 yards. Night visibility was good with a full moon. The tribals fired on multiple targets simultaneously. Their eight gun broadsides produced visible splashes that allowed rapid spotting corrections.

[00:15:50]Italian destroyers returned fire but could not match the volume. One Italian destroyer Freta class took three hits from Maui and withdrew it burning.

[00:16:00]Another Italian destroyer saya was hit five times by Zulu and stopped dead. The Italian force broke off after 15 minutes. No British ships were hit. The convoy proceeded without loss. Italian naval staff analysis captured in Sicily 1943.

[00:16:19]Noted tribal class ships possessed firepower superior to Italian destroyer squadrons and should be engaged only by cruisers or multiple destroyers with coordinated torpedo attack. Arctic convoy operations from 1941 to 1943 subjected tribals to the most severe operating conditions. Winter temperatures reached minus40° C. Ice formed on guns and superructure. Seas routinely exceeded 30 ft. German destroyer forces in Norway posed a constant surface threat. HMS Onslow, HMS Obedient, HMS Ori and HMS Obdderate operated as a division on Arctic convoy escort. These four tribals participated in 23 convoy operations between September 1941 and May 1943.

[00:17:12]They engaged German destroyers on six occasions. The Battle of the Barren Sea, December 31st, 1942, provided the definitive tribal class combat demonstration. Convoy JW51B was attacked by German heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper, pocket battleship Lutzo, and six German destroyers. The British escort included two light cruisers and four tribals, Onslow, Obedient, Ori, and Obdderit. The German destroyer force Z29, Z30, Z31, Richard Bitesen, Theodore Reedle, and Friedrich Eccult significantly outnumbered the British destroyers 6 to4, but the tribals had eight guns each, 32 guns total. The Germans had five guns per ship, 30 guns total. The British had a marginal gun advantage despite being outnumbered. The engagement began at 0945 hours. Onslow led the tribals directly at the German destroyer screen while the two British cruisers engaged Admiral Hipper. Range was 12,000 yards extreme for destroyer combat. Onslow opened fire first, followed within seconds by Obedient Ori and Obdderit. The four tribals fired eight gun salvos in sequence, creating a continuous stream of fire. German destroyer Z29 engaged Enslow and scored two hits. Onslow lost one forward turret but continued firing with six guns.

[00:18:43]Obedient and Aribe concentrated fire on Z29. Their combined salvos landed continuously. Z29 took seven hits in 3 minutes and turned away under smoke. The remaining German destroyers did not close. They maintained range and traded fire at a distance. The tribals could match them at long range. At 10,000 yd, the British guns were accurate and effective. The Germans could not close the torpedo range because the tribals generated too much gunfire. The action lasted 2 hours. One German destroyer Friedrich Eult was sunk by cruiser fire.

[00:19:19]The others withdrew. Convoy JW51B reached port. Intact. German naval staff analysis of the Baron Sea action completed January 1943 specifically mentioned the problem of British destroyers with heavy gun armament. The report noted German destroyers could not close to effective torpedo range when opposed by tribal class ships. The report recommended avoiding engagement unless German forces had overwhelming numerical superiority or capital ship support. This was the Admiral T's intended outcome. Superior gunpower deterred enemy destroyers from pressing attacks. Loss rates for the tribal class were high. 12 of 27 ships were sunk during the war. This represented a 44% loss rate. Standard destroyer classes lost 30 to 35% of their ships on average. The higher loss rate reflected aggressive employment, not design flaws. Tribals were consistently assigned to the most dangerous operations. They escorted the most threatened convoys. They formed the striking force for offensive destroyer actions. They operated in waters where enemy air attack was heaviest. The Admiral T used tribals as elite units for high-risk missions. HMS Aphridi was sunk by German aircraft off Norway May 3rd 1940. HMS Girka was sunk by aircraft off Norway April 9th 1940. HMS Mohawk was sunk by Italian destroyers off Cape Bon April 16, 1941. HMS Casc was torpedoed by Ubot U563.

[00:20:57]October 27, 1941, HMS Maui was sunk by aircraft in Malta's Grand Harbor. February 12, 1942, HMS seek was sunk by coastal batteries during the Towbrook raid. September 14, 1942, HMS Somali was torpedoed by Yubot U503.

[00:21:20]September 20, 1942, HMS Marabell was sunk by Ubot U454.

[00:21:27]January 17, 1942, HMS Punjabi sank after collision with HMS King George Fi. May 1, 1942, HMS Zulu was sunk by aircraft off tobuk. September 14, 1942, HMS Aabaskin was sunk in action with German destroyers. April 29, 1944.

[00:21:52]HMS Eskimo survived multiple torpedo hits and served until 1949, demonstrating destroyer survivability when not sunk outright. The causes of loss showed environmental danger more than design weakness. Six ships were sunk by aircraft. Four were sunk by Ubot. One was sunk by surface action.

[00:22:13]One was lost to collision. Zero were lost to structural failure or stability problems. The ships were sound. The operations were lethal. Comparative analysis demonstrates British destroyer philosophy versus German and American approaches. The Germans are sturer 1936.

[00:22:32]A class displaced 2,411 tons standard, mounted five 5-in guns, eight 21-in torpedo tubes, and reached 38 knots.

[00:22:43]German destroyers were larger and faster than British standard destroyers, but not as heavily armed as tribals. The 5-in German gun was slightly larger than the British 4.7 in 5 in versus 4.7 in caliber, but the British 8 gun battery delivered 60% more rounds per minute.

[00:23:01]Combat effectiveness favored volume of fire over individual shell weight.

[00:23:05]German naval doctrine emphasized torpedo attack. German destroyers closed rapidly and launched mass torpedo spreads. This worked against merchant convoys and isolated capital ships. It failed against screening forces with superior gunpower. Tribals could engage German destroyers at 10,000 yards and destroy them before they reached torpedo range.

[00:23:26]German destroyer commanders recognized this and avoided tribal class ships.

[00:23:31]Postwar German naval officer interviews confirmed tribal class ships were considered high threat targets requiring special tactical handling. American destroyer development followed a different path. The Fletcher class commissioned beginning 1942 displaced 2,50 tons standard and mounted five 5-in guns in single mounts, 1021in torpedo tubes, and substantial anti-aircraft armament. Fletcher class ships were balanced designs like pre-war British destroyers. They retain strong torpedo armament for Pacific operations where surface actions at long range were common. The five gun battery was superior to standard four gun destroyers but inferior to tribals. American naval doctrine emphasized the balanced destroyer, gun power, torpedo power, and anti-aircraft capability in equal measure. The British philosophy concentrated resources on the primary mission. Tribals sacrificed torpedo power for overwhelming gun superiority.

[00:24:32]Neither approach was wrong. The Pacific required long range torpedo attacks against Japanese battle lines. The Atlantic and Mediterranean required destroyers to survive air attack and defeat enemy destroyer forces attempting to reach convoys. Different theaters demanded different designs. Fletcher class destroyers had advantages. Higher rate of fire per gun. The 5-in 38 caliber gun fired 15 rounds per minute versus 12 for the British 4.7 in. Better anti-aircraft capability with dualpurpose main battery. Fletcher guns could engage aircraft and surface targets. Better habitability for extended Pacific operations. More advanced damage control. The British learned damage control lessons from American practices and adopted many Fletcher class features in post-war destroyer designs. But in surface combat between 1940 and 1943, the eight gun tribal class had firepower advantage over Fletcher class. Eight guns firing 12 rounds per minute produced 96 rounds per minute. Five guns firing 15 rounds per minute produced 75 rounds per minute. 21 more rounds per minute meant more hits. More hits meant faster kills.

[00:25:46]This was decisive in destroyer versus destroyer combat. The tribal class validated gunheavy destroyer design.

[00:25:54]Postwar British destroyer classes followed the tribal pattern. The battle class, designed 1942 and commissioned 1943 to 1946, mounted four twin 4.5 in guns, eight guns total. The Daring class, designed 1945 and commissioned 1952 to 1954, mounted three twin 4.5in guns, six guns total. But with fully automatic weapons firing 24 rounds per minute, the pattern was clear. British destroyers emphasized gun power. The tribal class proved the concept worked. Heavy gun armament allowed destroyers to control engagement range. Control of engagement range meant destroying the enemy before the enemy could launch torpedoes or close to effective range. This was surface combat supremacy. Strategic impact extended beyond individual ship performance. 27 tribalclass destroyers represented 27 capital ship quality combatants available for highv value missions. They escorted Malta convoys through the most dangerous waters in the Mediterranean.

[00:27:01]They screened Arctic convoys against German destroyer flotillas. They provided gun support for amphibious landings in North Africa, Sicily, and Normandy. They formed offensive destroyer flotillas that hunted German surface raiders. No other British destroyer class was trusted with these missions to the same degree. The tribals were the elite force. Their loss rate reflected this status. The Royal Navy used its best ships in its hardest fights. 12 ships lost meant 12 ships that accomplished their missions before they died. The gunfocused destroyer concept changed the world naval architecture. Soviet destroyer design postwar adopted heavy gun armament. The Skory class designed 1945 mounted four single 5.1 in guns later upgraded to six guns. French destroyer design moved toward gunheavy layouts. The Ciru class designed 1951 mounted 65.1in guns in three twin turrets. Even the United States Navy increased destroyer gun armament. The Forest Sherman class, designed 1951, mounted three 5-in guns, down from five on Fletcher class, but with fully automatic weapons. The trend was fewer guns, but heavier automatic weapons with higher rates of fire. This was the tribal principle applied to postwar technology. Overwhelming gunpower decided surface combat. The tribal class proved it in 1940. The world's navies learned the lesson. April 13th, 1940. The Royal Navy destroyed eight German destroyers in Ofat Fjord.

[00:28:37]Four tribalclass destroyers, firing 192 guns between them broke German destroyer power in Norway. The German Navy never recovered control of Norwegian coastal waters. The tribal class did that. Eight guns per ship, twice standard destroyer armament. The Germans expected a fair fight between destroyers. British naval architects designed away the fair fight.

[00:29:01]When you mounted eight guns and the enemy mounted five, you had already won before the first shot. The tribal class proved overwhelming firepower was the ultimate destroyer tactic. German flotillaa commanders knew it. Italian squadron leaders knew it. The Royal Navy validated it with combat results that could not be argued. Gunpower won destroyer battles. The tribal class made that doctrine reality. British maritime superiority rested on engineering decisions like these. Mount guns, control the engagement, destroy the enemy before they can strike back. 27 tribal class destroyers made that philosophy fact. The combat record from Narvik to the Barren Sea proved British destroyer design supremacy. Eight guns terrified German destroyer flotillas because eight guns could sink German destroyers faster than German destroyers could close to torpedo range. That was British naval excellence measured in guns per ship, demonstrated in combat, validated by enemy fear. The specifications proved it. The kill records confirmed it. The tribal class was