DSE: Methods of Studying Material Cultures (HIS-MAJOR) #sem8 Important Questions Answers | #sem8

本站添加: 2026-05-19

[00:00:00]So hello everyone welcome back to our YouTube Channel Guys. So guys, all the students Semester 1 of BA Programme BA Honours Delhi University students There's going to be a video for this. So whichever Students have this subject in history This is a method of studying material culture. Correct Is? So whoever has it, see the last one And the subject is the same but its name is Method of studying archives and literacy Source. And this subject is Method of Studying Material culture. So whoever has this one This video is going to be for them.

[00:00:30]It is a method of studying material culture. So Watch the full video till the end You will understand. Ok? So far you have Didn't read anything. Didn't even look at the syllabus.

[00:00:39]If you watch this video then I will I guarantee that you will do well in the exam.

[00:00:42]You will score well. Butt Video Full Have to see. By purchasing End Notes Read it yourself once for only ₹50 From. Ok? So on one side you get English The Medium PDF will appear. You have a side Hindi medium will be visible. So both medium Students can see this. So let's go Let's start the video without any delay.

[00:00:59]So before starting the video, if you You are new to my channel, first time.

[00:01:03]So subscribe to the channel. to the bell icon Turn it on so that all notifications, all The video should reach you from time to time.

[00:01:08]You will find my Telegram link in the description.

[00:01:09]You will get the link. You can join there.

[00:01:11]After joining there, you can download this PDF there.

[00:01:13]You can access it from. Ok? Let go Let's start. Our unit number is It is first, its name is primary.

[00:01:19]Sources and the art of the historian, i.e., primary Source and Historical Craft.

[00:01:24]So what does this lead to, our first question?

[00:01:26]Is? Our first question is to analyze the Role of primary sources in historiography And discuss sources that construction history.

[00:01:34]Historical Imaginations and Joe Pay Justice Of the historians it is about that.

[00:01:40]So what is the primary source in writing history?

[00:01:42]Are there? What are their roles?

[00:01:43]You have to analyze it. as well as It is to be said that the sources of How is construction done? Historical fiction What happens? and the historian's bias What happens? Means completely to you Writing about history writing Is. Ok? of histography We will start with the introduction. So history History is not just a past event tells us how our human society is Was? What was our ancient culture like?

[00:02:06]How was the politics and the economy? So history What do we do through? Our The old society, culture, economy We call him as a mirror Let's see. So what does a historian do?

[00:02:18]Extremely means absolutely directly So I can't see it because it's in history.

[00:02:22]So I can't go in the time machine, that's why What does that do is look at the various different sources that whether it is an archaeological source Whether it is a written source or a literary source Whatever the source may be, What does a historian do based on sources?

[00:02:33]The historian applies his own imagination.

[00:02:37]Imagination applies its historical imagination Historical fiction means that facts On the basis of the source, that is, let's say He found some source, now he is based on that source.

[00:02:45]But he will feel that this incident happened to him without any source.

[00:02:47]The foundation was laid and the revolution of 1857 took place. Now he Why would you have done it using your brain? His What could be the reasons behind it? Economic, Political, social. So this is what we call historical Kalpana says. which is fact based The historian applies his mind. him we It's called historical fiction. so historian does not only collect sources rather than critically analyzing the source.

[00:03:06]Is. Because the source may also be biased.

[00:03:09]Are. Because who wrote the source, when did he write it, Why did you write it, and from what perspective?

[00:03:13]Let us know. So historical imagination historian There is an art through which What does the historian do with his bias?

[00:03:20]playing the role of means his who There is a background, that too its history It comes in writing. Consider it a women's history.

[00:03:26]If she is writing, then she is probably feminist history.

[00:03:28]If a Marxist had written it, If you focus more on Marxists There is prejudice. Ok?

[00:03:36]So now we know that the primary sources What are they? what are primary sources Are? Let us know the concept and its meaning.

[00:03:43]So primary sources are those sources that that the contemporary society There is living proof of that. Ok?

[00:03:51]I will tell you in easy language in your language I am telling you everything. Ok? I read on this I am not telling. So primary source mees Whatever event is happening in the past The evidence that remained at that time whether it is based on written evidence from the time Meaning, whether it is literature or archaeological source Be it a temple or any architecture, you Be it the king's orders, letter or movie Whatever thing it is, it means contemporary of the past which There is evidence, we call it original evidence.

[00:04:18]primary research I hope you know Examples of primary research include Inscription Coins Manuscripts Government documents The government that issues orders to the public Details of travellers such as Fa-Hien Hshang Ibn Battuta Written by Naniz and Bernier His book became a diary.

[00:04:39]writes his personal diary archaeological sources such as the Indus The villages of the valley civilization became areas canals became like temples literature such as Tamil literature Sanskrit literature Pali literature Natural Literature has become painting, Mughal painting is No? and Braj painting, Kashmiri There are paintings, sculptures, archives.

[00:05:01]museums become maps become maps Went. So what are all these things? same There are sources of time and all these we There are primary sources. Our primary There are sources. Meaning this is absolutely fact Base and absolutely real sources. Correct Is? It helps us to know the history Is. Now we know that in history writing What is the role of a primary source?

[00:05:20]So what does history writing mean?

[00:05:22]Look, the primary restriction is very authentic.

[00:05:24]Research is done because it is done in the same society What happens to the society we write about?

[00:05:28]would have been. So then what is there for us in this?

[00:05:30]Neither will any imagination be seen nor any You will get to see the story. Ok? So the example Ashoka's inscriptions for the Mauryan administration, The religious policy of Maurya, the rule of Maurya, all these It tells things. Similarly, Allahabad The pillar which commemorates the victory of Samudragupta about the achievements of Samudragupta She also tells me everything that she liked.

[00:05:47]Became a copper path. copper plates that were From that we came to know that the temples Which land is being donated and how much?

[00:05:53]If the king is giving donations, then ancient Indian The most important information we get about society More information about primary source archives Inscriptional literature is found in all these things So let's talk about a realistic depiction of the past.

[00:06:07]How Source Makes the Past Alive Meaning We cannot go into history ourselves.

[00:06:13]Through messages we can just send whatever we have.

[00:06:16]sources, no matter what type Source literature may be written, archaeological, Based on all those sources, we will make our own picture.

[00:06:23]Make it. Historian in your mind Makes. So the primary sources of that time about society, about the economy in, about politics, about culture Trying to understand about it.

[00:06:32]Harappan Civilization We went to the Harappan Civilization So no, but archaeological research was found there No. I mean what archaeological research would have been there Are? Which we find by digging. ArcLogic Source. Now we find the city of Harappa. City Found town planning, drainage system.

[00:06:45]So what do we find out there? In There was an urban system. Similarly, the Mughal period Let's talk about the document. The administration of the Mughal The documents found during the Mughal period are farmans They meet, their order letters are received.

[00:06:55]This shows that the Mughals had tax How was the arrangement? How is the administration system Was? How did the court function? so historian What does one do based on all these sources?

[00:07:03]Is? Writing history from your perspective tries. Because look at the facts, a The facts do not speak for themselves. What IHCAR says Ihcar is a historian. He says that The fact does not speak for itself.

[00:07:17]The historian calls it. Ok? So What is a fact? Fact is what history is Whose history is the dialogue of? Joe Past and what is between the historian Is? There is dialogue. Ok? Meaning things.

[00:07:32]Meaning what does it do to history? Your thoughts Explains that fact with understanding.

[00:07:37]Does interpretation. Because the fact is They are small. Now what is that in it What was the reason? What happened? All this is historian He writes after understanding. So history is a Authenticity is primary In the source. That is, the primary source is Makes history more authentic.

[00:07:51]It makes you authentic and realistic.

[00:07:54]Because they belong to contemporary society and directly by that king or by his army are written by class. If Historians consider only folk tales as historical sources.

[00:08:04]Will agree. He will respect literature and this which Primary sources are records such as inscriptions.

[00:08:08]If the coin does not accept all this then the complete source He will not be able to remove it because Akbarnama is in the mirror Akbari, these are all such books which The book is biased because the king The courtiers never speak ill of the king.

[00:08:19]and they won't show you that side.

[00:08:21]If you just show good then when you record You will read the coin, you will read the document.

[00:08:25]You will get more information at your disposal If there is more knowledge, then it will be good for social and How to study cultural history Primary source of our society and culture Help helps to know the meaning. So What do we do based on primary sources?

[00:08:38]Are? Understand society and culture.

[00:08:40]Like the devotional literature that we get There are words and literature. Banswana's words Literature. Banswana's words and literature tell us Bhakti Movement Us Vachana Movement Us Us Mahadevi is known to us from Tamil literature.

[00:08:54]What do we find out? We need Kabir's couplets All this tells us about society.

[00:08:57]Because it is talking about society.

[00:08:59]Is. Sangam literature is a social work of South India.

[00:09:01]Life's all about these things.

[00:09:04]Tells. Ok? So it is folk literature What does he do too? about the common life of the people I will tell you about their living conditions and all these Gives us information. history as well It also gives us information about economic history.

[00:09:17]Primary source. Meaning the coins are gone, became business records, which would have been accounting Yes, the revenue documents are done. which when tax The king used to take taxes from all these people.

[00:09:28]about and what money used to be like and Learn about how business was done Gets applied. Roman coins established India and Rome Gave evidence of trade between. Now we Roman coins will be found in India. So we How can you imagine that someone might have come from Rome?

[00:09:40]He must be buying something from us and doing business with us.

[00:09:42]That's why we don't have coins from there and We have them with our coins. So Mughal period revenue documents, agriculture production, tax system, all these things Gives information. What does a historian do?

[00:09:53]Based on economic source, trade, currency The system keeps all these things out of its mind.

[00:09:57]Study and explain. Ok? So The role of the historian is very important.

[00:10:02]In history writing. Ok? So the history of New ages develop in primary Source. From the study of primary sources we To explore new areas of history writing see you. Like women's history I find out. history of Dalits, Tribal history, environmental history, all of these Where can we get it from? When we were in primary Will pick up the source. We will look into it now Will find out. Then we will know that mango How was the life of the people? Until the king and the war Not only this but also the common people i.e. history We have to see from below also. Only We don't even want to see History of Above. So The primary blockage is what creates the blockage.

[00:10:35]So what does it mean to create a source?

[00:10:38]Creation of a source means that the The sources are selected through tested and then analyzed Let us explain it. So that happens Creation of the source. Now look at a historian.

[00:10:49]Is it you or me? Now we create the source How to do it? First you did this Decided which source we would use Will take it up for writing our history. We picked up the primary source inscription Took. Ok? Now we have made our selection.

[00:11:00]After that we examine that inscription.

[00:11:01]do. Ok? that this is true it is not Which date is it? Then after that we Will you analyze what is written in it? We Understand. Then we interpret it in our language.

[00:11:09]do. So that's what creating the source is all about. I Hope you understood this too. So the source of What are the manufacturing processes that We have to follow. So first of all We have to select the sources. Our have a lot to understand the history writing There are all sources. archaeological, Literary, travelogue, records abound All of them are there. Ok? Now first of all we We have to decide which source to use.

[00:11:30]Have to use. Ok? So first of all we Select research. Mughal historian Is studying. Ok? and Persian Texts, inscriptions and traveller distribution, coins He chose all these as a source. So Depends on his interest, objective and perspective determines which source solution it uses Will do. Which source do you like best now?

[00:11:50]What is it that interests you? So you that You will use the source. my interest in Yes, I will do that. So the sources Criticism also has to be done. Second step.

[00:11:57]That is, what do we know now about the source we chose?

[00:12:00]Right or wrong, it is written in bias now You will criticize him, critically analyze him.

[00:12:04]First of all you will look at the historical sources Veracity checks the trustworthiness the most The first in which that external criticism is external Criticism then internal criticism internal critic and finds out Whether the source is right or wrong is external Criticism involves checking the authenticity of the source.

[00:12:20]as if the inscription were actually Whether it is of time or not, it is somewhere later It was not made or it was fake.

[00:12:25]The second internal criticism given is internal Criticism also analyzed the source goes. Like the author who is this source what was the purpose of writing it Of? Was the author biased? The courtier will So it will be biased. What is his religion?

[00:12:38]What is his background? all these things Know. Ok? Then we need to third the facts.

[00:12:43]There is a step and explanation has to be done. Now We have tested the source we have taken.

[00:12:46]I also decided whether it was right or wrong. Now that one who It is a fact, now we know it. Now we You will explain it in your own language, right?

[00:12:53]With understanding. So what does a historian do? Now gives different interpretations, for example 1857 for What has the British historian said? Bus It is called a military rebellion. Ok? But Nationalist historians first It is called the freedom struggle. So Analyze and try to explain it in your own language.

[00:13:09]Tried. Then you explain it after If you give, this history will be created.

[00:13:13]So what is it about this? It will become a history that your objective and absolutely scientific In essence, you will have a history writing that You analyzed and critically analyzed By selecting you have created. So historical What is imagination? Now we know Historical Imaginations. So, historical Imagination means that historical Imagination means that whatever our evidence There are sources of that source.

[00:13:36]Based on the understanding of the historian its cause, its result, in that event what has happened to this thing that thinks and historical imagination explains it They say. Historical fiction is never complete.

[00:13:48]There is no imagination. This view of the historian and intelligence which is based on the source To know what happened in history tries to try to tell That is what we call historical imagination.

[00:14:00]I hope you understood. Historical fiction What is required? So the source of Look at the supply, the source is complete.

[00:14:07]Sometimes they don't. So something in the source I did not understand anything. Suppose there is such a source A record is a source that is broken or contains There should not be an exact date. Just write a small incident.

[00:14:17]It seems that this war happened here. Ok? So That is the supply of that source. Now historians I have to write a history book. You need us If I have to tell, how will I tell what this incident is?

[00:14:26]How did it happen? So he will use his brain.

[00:14:28]Will base his historical imagination on facts Pay. It is not entirely imaginary. These Apply your mind based on the source. And He will use his brain and tell what is behind this What was the logical reason? This war that happened What was the political and economic reason behind this?

[00:14:41]will be. Perhaps this is why this war happened.

[00:14:44]We call this historical imagination. Second Understanding past circumstances. whatever happening in the past at that time What were the people thinking? How was life?

[00:14:53]What was the society like? How was the intelligence? him too Know. as well as reconstructing events to do. Written about the Harappan civilization There is no source. What do historians make of this?

[00:15:02]Are? Based on archaeological sources, you Reconstructing history. What else We do? And whatever you see is written Not at all. Now those coins are available, city If we meet then we are just guessing, right?

[00:15:13]The city of historians is such a pleasure and such a business.

[00:15:15]It must be happening. So what is this? to this very It's called historical fiction. Ok? So now We know the limits of historical imagination.

[00:15:21]What happens? So the limits of historical imagination It happens that more and more we Don't have excessive historical imagination.

[00:15:27]Otherwise the story, which means your history, It will remain a myth and a story. Imagination Our historical imagination is always a It should be based on evidence. a fact It should be based on. based on a source must be on. Third, to the historian Scientific approach, its historical imagination should also be adopted to maintain credibility.

[00:15:44]are. We now know that the historian What are prejudices? Ok?

[00:15:48]Business So you know what business is.

[00:15:52]Are? So prejudice means that Any historian when he writes history So his personal thinking, his social thinking religious, his political and his ideological attitude which affects whoever What do we know about his writing skills?

[00:16:07]It is said that his entire background is told.

[00:16:09]Now look, I am writing history. I which The caste I come from, the religion I come from Or the gender I come from, like female I am or whatever class I come from, if I If I were rich or if I were poor, I That image of mine will be visible in my history writing.

[00:16:23]Look, everyone has their own prejudices.

[00:16:25]He shows his background as well.

[00:16:27]in history writing or anything else.

[00:16:29]His prejudice will definitely come. So this It's called prejudice. So the prejudice that What is the type of business?

[00:16:35]Is? The first is political prejudice. Historians in their political Can be influenced by thoughts. Isn't it?

[00:16:41]colonial historians such as those who J.S. Mill and others were influenced by He was influenced by the political British East India Company because it was British If he were a person, he would have called India uncivilized.

[00:16:51]Called his country backward and barbaric and good I mean, what is his background like?

[00:16:56]He gave more importance to his background Gave. as well as other religious There may be bias. of history Medieval history can only be seen as Hindu-Muslim.

[00:17:04]presenting more as a struggle Are. Isn't it? Because if someone is a Hindu If someone is a Muslim then the writer What are both of them, this is such a conflict Trying to show it as. third What happens? Nationalist bias Indian national historians have described 1857 as The revolution was called the first freedom struggle.

[00:17:22]So if it is like Savarkar was. Savarkar wrote this. So what is Savarkar's bias?

[00:17:27]Is? He is a nationalist. So he did this Cheese quotes from the First War of Independence Did. Ok? class prejudice, however rich will be poor as if If someone is a Marxist, what is he? Social class It will only show the struggle in its history.

[00:17:40]If there is any gender bias, it If a feminist is a woman, then she means woman.

[00:17:43]Atrocities against women are the only thing in history Will show. So, if we look at the background He comes from where he always impacts us.

[00:17:50]It is about our history writing. Ok? So What is the art of the historian? So Meaning of Historic Historian Craft The art of the historian means that history is selected based on its source by analyzing and interpreting What does a historian do? describe events.

[00:18:08]It doesn't even make it logical Explaining a statement in a scientific way a way of interpreting interprets and this one who The historian is doing all this work, a fact.

[00:18:20]On the basis of this, this is his art.

[00:18:22]We call it historical craft. Correct Is? So, the historian's primary responsibility What happens is that we collect facts, that First of all, historians present different facts.

[00:18:30]Collects. archaeological, literary Isn't it? travelogues, records, coins, all Collects. After that all of them takes a critical view of who He is reliable, who is not. Then fair It maintains it. that is, the historian in Trying to take a balanced approach Is. Then gives a logical explanation. in that What has been written about him in a scientific manner?

[00:18:54]Then he draws a connection between the past and the present.

[00:18:56]From him. Then it becomes history. So A historian is doing so much work. So This is his art. So this is what It is called historical craft. So the primary What are the limitations of research in this? Because When a historian displays his skills Shows based on primary research. So What problems arise in primary research?

[00:19:14]Could it be for a historian? Primary research May be incomplete, with missing information Might be possible. So what does a historian do?

[00:19:20]Is? He will use his brain. its historical He will imagine and write that thing. So this He also has an art in what he is doing.

[00:19:25]Bias even without any source. Many Sources are biased. Then So what does it do? He his historical The historian uses imagination. So your art He is applying it. Limited availability. So this Because of all this, the historian What does it do? uses his art In history writing. Ok? So modern Importance of primary sources in history writing It's too much. such as carbon dating, DNA analytics, right? digital Through archives, archaeology, etc. What is done with it? sources are kept Yes, testing is done. Ok? So What will we write in the conclusion?

[00:19:59]which is our history writing, our Our primary source in historiography is a primary source, it is very There are important sources. because it contemporary society contemporary society at the same time which gives us a It gives a vivid picture of ancient society.

[00:20:16]such as inscriptions, coins, archaeological sources, remains, literature, documents, decrees, Any movie. Ok? So what does all this do?

[00:20:24]We need to know the history of ancient society, society of ancient society, political, economic, cultural, Gives information. So we need it very much As a historian we can use the sources well.

[00:20:36]Choose. Then analyze it. Then Study it critically. when we go Explain that thing. So this process We create sources from the most First. then uses historical imagination historian because sources are incomplete Are. Then the historian applies his art to it.

[00:20:50]and your prejudice Keep it a little to the side but its Bias will come because history is completely It can never be objective.

[00:20:58]Therefore, impartiality in it is never completely It is not possible from. If a woman is writing She will write from a female perspective. any Marxist If he is writing, he will write from a Marxist perspective.

[00:21:06]Ok? So the perspective comes into it.

[00:21:08]Is. But we just need to understand history.

[00:21:11]brought a multidisciplinary approach and Trying to write in a scientific way.

[00:21:17]adopt a critical approach Our history will be great. I hope You understand the first question well.

[00:21:23]You may have come. Ok?

[00:21:25]Now our question number is second.

[00:21:28]So let's see our question number second.

[00:21:30]Now our question number second is Kit the Scopens and limitations of primary sources. So primary source which we were doing first In that I had also told you about the primary Source. What are primary sources?

[00:21:42]What is its limit? what would be the importance Are? But I'll tell you again in seconds.

[00:21:45]In questions. Ok? Quickly. Correct Is? So what are primary sources?

[00:21:49]The history writing in the introduction We have a lot of things to understand it.

[00:21:52]There are sources. archaeological, literary Isn't it? If we travel, the first thing is So there are two types of sources. There are one There is a primary source and a secondary source.

[00:22:03]Primary sources are those which The event we are writing about is past is formed at the same time. at the same time written site literature or any temple or any architectural art or any meaning city or Coins, anything. Ok? Secondary Source It happens. The secondary source is that Based on primary sources, which Whatever is written by historians Books like Romila Khapar's Book H Carr's What is history? Isn't it? So historians Whatever is booked, we call it dance source.

[00:22:29]We say that we can also publish the same research paper.

[00:22:31]It is called visual source. So we have primary I want to know about the source. So primary What does Source do? of the past in history event, its society, its culture, its The economy helps us understand it.

[00:22:41]She does. So primary research is very important.

[00:22:43]It happens because what is that? of the same period There is direct evidence of the incident. Correct Is? So inscriptions, coins, manuscripts, Government records, travelogues Details, balance sheets, all these are our primary An example of a source is. So the primary What does the source do? us of the past gives real and authentic pictures and It helps us in writing history.

[00:23:02]Through this we can see the political about history, about society, religion, culture, all these things again You can study. But all the sources that Isn't it, they are not perfect. some and any There are many sources which Are not fair. like a courtier It became literature. He praises the king more do. More about the upper class Will write. Not about the general public and there are a lot of coins or There are some records that get broken, become fragmented. So there are some limits to this Is. Therefore, it becomes very important for us is a critical study and primary Study of the area, importance and extent of the source To do. So let's get started.

[00:23:37]We learned the introduction. Now we know What do we mean by primary source?

[00:23:40]what's meaning? primary source that sources that provide information about a historical event or Historical times would be a direct proof of that.

[00:23:46]Is. We use the original evidence of that time.

[00:23:49]primary sources say. the incident of which We are talking about. other words What should I say? primary sources that Direct literature written at the time of the incident, There are records, inscriptions, etc. Ok? So here are some examples of primary sources.

[00:24:04]I have given it. Ok? There were inscriptions inscription coins manuscript Manuscripts Government documents Travel diary with travel notes archaeological research Contemporary literature Tamil literature of the time Sangam literature and the words of Vasavana literature Vedas Upanishads Tripitaka Murti Archives So all this Our sources are okay, primary sources.

[00:24:32]What are the primary source areas?

[00:24:33]What information do primary sources provide us?

[00:24:35]If it does, it gives political information.

[00:24:37]Of history. Based on the primary source, we There are more kings' wars and more administration.

[00:24:41]You can know about it. For example Ashoka's inscriptions as a primary source.

[00:24:45]That is the primary source which explains the king's Dhamma From the Niti Stambh inscription we get information about Samudragupta.

[00:24:50]From the Mughal period documents we know about Vijay Revenue System So what is this all about? Us What do we know from primary sources?

[00:24:55]Is? Learn about political history Used to be. Similarly, the study of the history of society Primary research also plays an important role in She does. Based on primary research, we system, status of women, education, society You can study all this also. confluence from literature such as the life of South India An illustration is found. from devotional literature We need to know about medieval society and its evils, Social movements provide information about all these Is. Popular literature gives us access to the common people.

[00:25:17]We get information about life. as well as What is the contribution of women? In all of this his Information is also available. So from primary research We should also know about economic history.

[00:25:25]Information is available. of economic history about coins, trade, inscriptions, Revenue, economic life, all about Gives information. Roman coins that reached India and Shows connections to Rome. commercial relation, Mughal period documents tell us about it agriculture, production, land tax system, all these Information is available about. as well as It was an agricultural country, what industries were there?

[00:25:46]Where did the trade take place?

[00:25:48]Which ports were there? About this Information is available. primary as well Source Us Culture and Religious Information It also gives. From primary sources we get art, Our culture, our architecture, Know about which ones were there in the past Seems like such as temples, stupas, mosques, Architecture seems to know about all this.

[00:26:04]Which style has been used in this?

[00:26:06]At different times, we are from different cultures I find out. What was the dance? courtier What was the language? What rituals do you perform?

[00:26:13]Were? So all this becomes known. as well as Archaeological studies. from primary sources What do we even know about archaeological studies?

[00:26:19]It remains important. archaeological remains In the study of ancient civilizations, many It is more important. like Harappa Civilization happened. Is there a written source for it?

[00:26:27]Not at all. So all its sources are archaeological.

[00:26:29]Is. So archaeological sources are primary sources Come in. So the cities of the Harappan civilization drainage system from planning to its arrangement From this we come to know that one side was the king used to do. Lower class people on one side He used to live there, right? We see two types of societies.

[00:26:42]It is available. So what do we have? We found Harappa Information about the ancient civilization is obtained Is. as well as the environment and tribal Primary sources play an important role in the study He pays. as from the primary source We need to take care of environment, water management, tribal issues.

[00:26:55]Information is also available. such as ponds, canals, Agriculture Where were all these? How were you? Here's Who were the people of the settlement? All this. as well as New history writing also develops.

[00:27:04]primary research in modern historiography women's history, Dalit history, the history of the tribe and the history of all these I find out. Ok?

[00:27:15]So what is the importance of primary research?

[00:27:17]So the primary source for writing history is It gives a base. provides authentic research Is. Which is what we are? on the basis of that Historians using historical imagination One can write good history. So whoever ranks What is Hai Ranke? that scientist Positivism focuses on history The writing should be completely fact based.

[00:27:34]Ok? Primary to be fact base Research is very important. So rank Much of the history is based on inscriptions.

[00:27:39]It is important. So they say that History, that history, absolutely that You should tell what happened as it happened.

[00:27:44]Akbarnama and Aini Akbari are the main sources of Mughal administration.

[00:27:47]There is reliable information that his Mughal period It gives information about. Yes, there is bias, but It does give information. Its critical You can analyze it. of the past for What is the actual primary source?

[00:27:56]Does it? The very essence of the past as it is is what we mean.

[00:28:00]gives the picture. Civilization, human, social, political, economic, all these Of things. scientific in history Creates authentication. of primary sources There are real sources of that time. So history Scientific evidence and Rankings in History Justifies the ideology. EA K According to history, facts are interconnected There are. So what is a historian? of the fact I cannot write my history without it. So That's why both are very important.

[00:28:24]in the study of society and culture Primary research helps. primary Society, culture and all these things are based on thinking.

[00:28:29]Information is available. Information about economic life It is available. As per DD Kaushambi The history of material resources is traced Us. We do new research. such as carbon Dating is DNA analysis, right? So Archaeological Sources So what are all these us?

[00:28:42]We do it only on the basis of primary research.

[00:28:44]So it has some limitations too. Primary research May be incomplete because they can be destroyed Are. may be damaged. second thing There may be bias. Like Akbarnama.

[00:28:54]Isn't it? We get to see it. Akbarnama There is too much bias in it. Because Akbarnama was written by a court poet.

[00:29:00]Has been. and many other books that In this we will see that the king's If the court poet is writing then he He writes in an exaggerated manner. Limited Availability may be available. Historical research many All have been destroyed. disaster climate all of this This may cause problems of interpretation.

[00:29:12]live in different languages ​​or different People have prejudices. So too we What is? There is difficulty in understanding. Correct Is?

[00:29:19]So there might be a problem with the language.

[00:29:22]Because all the old ones like Ashoka's The inscription is in Kharosthi and Brahmi scripts.

[00:29:26]Which becomes very difficult. Excessive The problem of dependency is not only a matter of historians Does not rely on primary research Rather, let's investigate it. examining him And then we go and find out its history.

[00:29:38]Ok? So what are their historical views?

[00:29:40]Primary research on this? So the rank is is supported by primary research and what that is They say? History as it is Needed Meaning a lot of primary research Gives emphasis. Well Ichkar says Ichkar that on the basis of primary objection then write History is needed but it also requires a historian.

[00:29:53]have their own imagination and prejudice Because the facts of history do not speak for themselves.

[00:29:56]The historian calls them his With historical imagination and his own art. Correct Is? Mark Block is a critical examiner of Let's focus on the primary source. And DD Kosambi is an archaeological and Economic sources are considered as the basis for the study of Indian history.

[00:30:10]I give more. So in conclusion What will we write about the primary source?

[00:30:13]In? So the primary sources are the basis for writing history.

[00:30:15]The soul exists because it is of the past.

[00:30:17]direct and authentic, which is the basis and is the source through which we can see the past political society religion political all these things revives again. historian What does it do? Uses these sources and gives his own explanation. Sources sometimes Are impartial. There was bias in Is. There is also supply. So all this We face problems. Therefore, the obligation is Our historian is so critical of us.

[00:30:40]Take a perspective. scientific approach and adopt research methodology to create a A good one based on the primary constraint Write history. Ok? I hope you understand You may have come. Now let's move on to our next On the question. Our next question is Question number three.

[00:30:56]Our question number three is what is The Historian's Craft? Discuss the Problem of objective and interpretation in Histography? the art of the historian, that is What is historical craft? And Objectivity and interpretation in history writing to discuss what the problem is Is. Ok? So let's start with the introduction Let's start. So history is what it is only describing past events It does not happen but the society of the past, culture, the political past of the people in the past, The economy of the past is a great way to understand and Its interpretation evolves. Ok?

[00:31:28]So what does the historian say? direct form One cannot go into history from here. So he What does it do based on the source? of history rebuilds and this is what he calls his It does this through historical imagination. One He does it through art. This is what we It is called historical craft. History writing The historian collects facts.

[00:31:46]and fact-checking and analysis Writing history by adopting scientific methods Is. The historian also faces some challenges.

[00:31:55]Because the source is of the past and therein lies a complete and utter confusion.

[00:31:59]There is no fairness. to see the ideology if it is combined or disintegrated, the historian needs ideology and social background And the circumstances of the time test all these things.

[00:32:10]And why did the historical event happen after that?

[00:32:13]Explain how all these problems occurred and Presenting the event from different perspectives Try to explain every aspect of it.

[00:32:20]If we do, the historian who does all this work This is what we call historical craft.

[00:32:24]It is called one of his arts, meaning history writing.

[00:32:26]What is an art that has been shaped by history?

[00:32:28]done by historians So historian craft means It means that historians keep history in their own Use your skills to write history Interpretation from the study of wisdom and source In simple language, we call the one who does it the art of the historian, which he Adopting the scientific method is the source of Based on the analysis and logical reasoning If Hoke describes history then history What is the key element of the historian's art?

[00:33:01]What does a historian do first? Source collects the. Gather all sources Will do. The earliest works were manuscripts, coins, government documents, archaeological, literary The article will also collect all the things.

[00:33:13]After collecting it, now he first He collected the selection. Ok? Such as Ashoka's inscriptions, for information on Ashoka Akbarnama was the foundation of the Harappan civilization for the Mughals.

[00:33:22]Archaeological research for Then that research Will criticize. because research is right or wrong To check that. So external criticism will ensure that this source reaches the creature.

[00:33:32]Investigation will be done. The document is genuine and fake Is. Is it from that period or not? Then the internal Will criticize. That is, the source of this Who was the person who wrote it? his predecessor What was the background? Why is he writing this?

[00:33:44]Was? What was his purpose? was biased He wasn't reliable, wasn't he? This To examine. After that, the fact is to analyze. That is, the historian knew Taken this fact is true or false. take him Took. Now after that the British like in 1857 What did the British do about the incident? Only It was called a military rebellion. But when Savarkar Read it and analyze the facts.

[00:34:06]He learned that it was not just a military rebellion Rather, it was the first independence of India.

[00:34:11]There was a battle. Then after that the historian Historical fiction connects its history in writing. That is, the historian understands the past completely I can't see it that way. Now the source also They are not complete, so you tell the whole story.

[00:34:23]So what does a historian do? his guess He considers it historical on the basis of facts.

[00:34:28]Kalpana says. like the Harappan civilization There is no written evidence of that. All It is archaeological science. such as coins There is some pottery, some city, so that Seeing this, it seems that perhaps this city If this is so then it must have developed so much. it There will be a system where this will happen, that will happen.

[00:34:43]Ok? So what does one do based on this? They Uses his historical imagination.

[00:34:47]This is what we call historical imagination.

[00:34:51]So he looks at the past by connecting it with the present.

[00:34:53]Then what does a historian do?

[00:34:55]Is? Tries to add current.

[00:34:57]studies the past and Today's study time is being spent Highlights problems. as Studying colonial history Tries to understand nationalism.

[00:35:09]Studying the French Revolution Tries to understand democracy. Correct Is? Then after that know the opinion of the historian also Let us take on historical craft. So Ranke, who is Ranke, is considered a scientist.

[00:35:21]Who is called the scientific father of methodical history writing?

[00:35:23]The method goes. It says that hist History should tell the past as it actually is Happen. Meaning history, what is that history?

[00:35:31]History is what happened. Meaning Tell me only what has happened. That is, in history Whatever is based on fairness and authenticity It has happened just like that, without explanation.

[00:35:41]historical without any bias This is Ranki's ideology to tell Kalpana But this is what he says, this is what he says The famous book is What is History?

[00:35:51]In it he said that history is Continuous Dialogue Between the Past and Present means what is history History is a It is a dialogue, it is a matter between the past and today between the historian and the past What does he do? bring history alive Makes. Likewise calling wood calling wood It is said that the work of history is to record events.

[00:36:12]It is not to describe but to describe what is in history The incident has happened, not behind the incident which historical imagination, to know it means to know it Know the economic, political reasons and consequences.

[00:36:21]By the way, Mark Block wrote history was described as the study of society. According to him History should not be limited to political events only.

[00:36:28]but also the history of the common people in it Should be. So in history writing What is fairness? Now it's history Fairness in writing means that Impartiality means that without any without any personal bias or ideology Writing the History of Prejudice Means Done Talks about objectivity. Ranke's It talks about ideology. But Ranke's ideology which is based on absolute objective It focuses. Nothing like this happens. Correct Is? Because someone writes history.

[00:36:56]And that person's bias is his The background will definitely come in his history writing.

[00:36:59]Will come. So complete objectivity in history It can never happen. So the history of Reliability will be impartial and scientifically based Pay will happen but it is not completely clear Can. Avoiding myths and propaganda Political propaganda in fairness to religious There should be no bias towards your history.

[00:37:15]You can incorporate a scientific approach into your writing.

[00:37:16]Write history by adopting it. So what is complete Is objectivity possible in history? then no Is. Why not? because the historian He writes. A historian is a person And the person somewhere in his society, religion, politics Nor is it definitely influenced from anywhere. So that There must be bias somewhere. To all First of all, when he chooses a topic then At that very moment he might have shown bias. Correct Is? So now we know that history writing What is prejudice in Same The historian has a bias.

[00:37:41]Background. Is that political bias?

[00:37:43]has been writing history since. Is he religious?

[00:37:45]He is writing under influence. Whether he If he is a nationalist, he is a nationalist.

[00:37:48]He will write after being impressed. or those high and low If it is of a class then class bias will be visible.

[00:37:52]If that woman is a man then her gender Prejudice will be visible. Ok? So problems Of Interpretation in History. In history What is the problem of interpretation? Source Incompleteness of the barrier due to its being incomplete There is a lot of difficulty in interpretation. Because of this What is it from? Historians in their historical He imagines and makes it come true.

[00:38:08]Source bias Excessive source bias are biased because they They are contemporary. Made under the king Would have gone. So there's a lot of bias in that.

[00:38:15]Much is written. Like in Akbar Nagma So look, there has been so much praise.

[00:38:19]Akbar's view of history was very There is less perspective of history in it. They It is written from different perspectives. So We extract historical facts from it.

[00:38:27]Are. You are fine. Effect of time on different eras There are different problems. so therefore We also need to understand different problems There is a problem. So examples of interpretation Just as British historians consider 1857 as a military They call it rebellion. Indian nationalists This is called the first freedom struggle. But Marxist historians consider it a soldier and peasant It is called rebellion. So all three of them separately The same incident of interpretation is attributed to the 1857 To rebellion. Similarly, if we talk about Mughal rule If we do this, colonial history will make it foreign.

[00:38:55]It is called governance. Nationalist historians call it It is said to be a part of Indian culture.

[00:38:59]Marxist historians call it feudal It is called arrangement. Then look at the same one Explained things in three ways Went. Everyone has a different way of interpreting It happens. That's why it's said that everyone's Everyone has their own prejudices. All these It is the background that influences all this.

[00:39:13]Write separately. So the historian's responsibility to ensure that evidence-based Write history. to be completely impartial Adopt a balanced approach. Don't be biased.

[00:39:20]Pursuing truth by adopting critical thinking Check and put forward a logical explanation i.e. scientific method in his history writing Always maintain it. So today's history is about writing If we talk about it, it has increased a lot.

[00:39:31]In earlier history writings, only kings etc. There used to be talk about. in modern history writing Women, Dalits, tribes, environment, everyone's talk it occurs. There is talk of Sabtan Studies.

[00:39:40]That means everything should also be considered as a holistic history.

[00:39:42]it occurs. So carbon dating, archival and DNA analysis What do we get through all this?

[00:39:48]We do? Let's check the source. So What we will write in conclusion is that The art of the historian is that of writing history.

[00:39:54]is the basic basis due to which it is based on fact.

[00:39:56]reconstructed past events based on Does. That means he writes again. of research Selects. He criticizes. Own Adds historical imagery. your logical Adds power. After that, that process By completing this, one writes history. So History writing may not be completely unbiased.

[00:40:10]can because he is completely objective in it It does not happen in history. because somewhere Neither does he express his political and social ideology It will definitely be affected by it. then this would be the problem Is. Therefore, it is important that when we Explain your complete grey to the side keep it in and even if we are writing then His investigative evidence and scientific approach Write on the basis of. So the historian who is the history The history of adopting the complete process He writes what we call historical craft.

[00:40:33]They say. I hope you understood. Correct Is? So our next question is Question number four.

[00:40:40]Let's look at question number four. Our Question number four is explain Archaeology as a method of studying the past and describe the process of agitation and Explorations. That means you have to tell me that Archaeology is the study of the past What important role do they play? whether That may be excavation, exploration. all these things I want to explain how the process happens.

[00:41:04]Ok? So in the study of history there is a lot Archaeology source is more important Or Arcology. Where written sources are available archaeological sources are not there Let us try to understand history Are. Like I told you, Puragya It was destroyed and our Indus Valley Civilization It's done. There is no written evidence for this.

[00:41:24]Are. So where do we get information about this?

[00:41:26]Do you collect? Information about this We can derive information from archaeological remains such as soil.

[00:41:30]utensils, tools, buildings, coins, cities, all these From the things we find out, perhaps history This must have happened in. Ok? So archaeological Antiques are not the only collection Rather, how did humans live in the past? His What was the culture? what is its economy Was? All of them have to be studied scientifically.

[00:41:47]Is. So the Puranas which are archaeological, archaeological, they are located at different sites go, investigate, excavate and then what do you do with that civilization?

[00:41:58]Are? Trying to understand and learn Let's try to figure out what happened. As Harappan Civilization, Mohenjodaro, Taxila, Nalanda is known for all this.

[00:42:08]We get information only from archaeological sources.

[00:42:10]It is available. So the historian or archaeologist who those who dig Arcology they build it By the scientific method. which gives us history It helps to understand. I hope you I think you understood the introduction. So archaeology, What does archaeology mean?

[00:42:26]Archaeology is two words from the Greek language.

[00:42:28]Arcus, the ancient Logos, means study of It is made up of both. Ok? In other words Antiquity means ancient things Studying the remains. So archaeology is That is a science. Arcology is a science through which we can extract material remains Whatever happens to our material remains What do we do on the base? human civilization understand because we have written sources are not because, for example, I told you that our Stone Age and Our Indus Valley Civilization has no If there is no written authentic source, then we On the basis of archaeological sources only those societies Let's try to know. so historian What is in between on this? So Garden Child It is said that archaeology is the foundation of human civilization.

[00:43:12]It is the scientific study of development. i.e Through archaeology we can understand the history of human society.

[00:43:16]Let us understand it on scientific basis. means Archaeology is the study of the development of human society and culture.

[00:43:22]How changes gradually occur in human society Development is coming. How did that human transform from primitive man?

[00:43:26]How and when cities in the Indus Valley Civilization were built Settle down. to describe the process up to that point.

[00:43:30]tries. The other one is of the healer.

[00:43:34]According to Wheeler, in India Developed scientific excavation methods Who? Wheeler. Wheeler himself Archaeological which is our method which is to search Excavation is done, it was started by them.

[00:43:46]Had done. He considered archaeology only an object.

[00:43:49]did not understand the study of but said that it Reconstructs human life. Meaning human life through excavation Let's try to understand again. as soon as DD Kosambi DD Kosambi says that Archaeology in Indian history writing of physical culture too much for Joe is crucial. That means we have history in understanding if when we have literary If there are no sources, we should use this instead.

[00:44:12]We get information about history from ruins.

[00:44:14]Is. Ok?

[00:44:17]So archaeological sources in the study of the past What is the importance of? So first thing So what about the information about prehistoric times?

[00:44:24]Let me tell you. Stone Age, which was the time when primitive humans If our society was like that then what was there in it?

[00:44:29]The art of writing had not developed. So we that Where will you get the time information?

[00:44:34]So the stone tools we have are from that time.

[00:44:36]see you. paintings found in caves There are bones, graves.

[00:44:41]From their study we find that yes In history, people did this, did that, and Such people developed in the society. extinct We also get information about this civilization in writing.

[00:44:51]Can't find it. So what do we do?

[00:44:52]Gaining information from archaeological thinking Are. like uncovering ancient civilizations Does. Harappan Civilization, Mohenjo Daro, Lothal, Kalibangan, there is no written source in these also They don't have it. Meaning they have been found written But we don't read. I have not found any literature.

[00:45:07]Some remains have been found that contain writing.

[00:45:09]But we haven't been able to read it yet.

[00:45:11]to the language style. So for us, that's still There is no written source. So we just Evidence, its pottery, its urban style, all these It is on the basis of this that we find out whether this This must have happened here. Ok? So social and in studying cultural life Archaeological sources also help. Correct Is? i.e. archaeological remains, society, religion Art helps in understanding all things.

[00:45:32]Because we have no idea about all these things.

[00:45:34]Nor is any archaeological evidence found.

[00:45:35]Like the caves of Ajanta and Ellora Religious depiction. In it, the story of Buddha, They are of the type of Jataka tales etc. Isn't it?

[00:45:42]Belongs to Hindus. So we know religion About this. From the temple stupa we get the knowledge of religion.

[00:45:46]I get to know about it. about culture I find out. as well as archaeological We also get information about economic life from this source.

[00:45:53]It is available. Ok? that is, of economic life about. From archaeological sources we Information about business, agriculture and industry is available.

[00:46:00]Like we have found the port of Lothal. Us It seems that the people of Lothal were involved in trade.

[00:46:05]Must be from abroad. We can tell from coins that there would be trade between one country and another by country. Since then coins have been made without any coins.

[00:46:11]So history is authentic.

[00:46:14]Archaeological sources provide us with scientific and Provides authentic basis for understanding history In. When we don't have written sources So what are the material remains?

[00:46:22]Are there? This means that the past All the things used by humans that humans have used in the past and We keep him safe, we keep him safe called physical remains. of physical remains There are types. some building, some temple, some A fort, a stupa, a palace, like the one at Sanchi Stupa, Taj Mahal, Red Fort, all these are ours physical remains. Ok?

[00:46:46]People also used clay pots Did. Isn't it? First painted grey clay There were utensils. Then there's black and red Started. So what does all this tell us?

[00:46:55]Gives information about humans from time to time. Correct Is? tools and weapons such as stone, copper, Bronze utensils give us all this information.

[00:47:04]Are. These are all our physical remains.

[00:47:05]Information on coins, trade, economy We give. sculptures, art that reflects religion, Provides information about culture. bones, graves that provide food, health, and final resting place.

[00:47:13]The things that were kept in the rituals, This shows what people are You must be using it in your own time. So What is the method of archaeological study?

[00:47:21]One is exploration.

[00:47:22]The second of these two is excavation.

[00:47:25]through which we create archaeological sources Are. Ok? So what is the first one? Investigation.

[00:47:32]Ok? So let us know what investigation is.

[00:47:35]Are. Investigation means that Identifying archaeological sites.

[00:47:39]Such as exploring ancient sites.

[00:47:42]To study the expansion of civilization.

[00:47:44]It was so far away. and excavation sites to recognize that this is the period It means place. Gathering historical evidence What happened from there. investigation what is the process that historical Studies the source. i.e. investigation What do we do by? of passengers Details can be found by studying local traditions.

[00:48:05]From the description of Hisang we can find the history of Nalanda.

[00:48:07]Identified the university. We have yes This will be Nalanda University. site Do a survey. brick, clay, pottery From this The study of the remains of the earth, i.e., the surface of the earth But we also give importance to the remains present there.

[00:48:23]Let us tell you which land is being talked about in history.

[00:48:25]literary sources. So What is the importance of investigation? Importance It keeps exploring new places Is. Civilization gives information about the city.

[00:48:34]Information about the Harappan civilization came from discoveries such as Found it. Studies historical geography.

[00:48:39]We also search for ancient roads, cities, etc. What we mean by travel is this Literary sources are written in. excavation It helps in. When we explore If so, he would have helped us in the excavation.

[00:48:49]Is. Now let us know what is excavation? Is No? So what is excavation in it?

[00:48:55]It happens? Meaning: Underground archaeological There is a source and it is extracted by digging.

[00:48:59]Gaining knowledge about ancient civilizations to study culture development To know the exact time and Know what were the styles of human life To do. So what is the process of excavation?

[00:49:10]it occurs? We first visit a place Select what needs to be excavated. Correct Is? Then the grid system. to the site We divide it into smaller sections Are. Then study the soil layer.

[00:49:21]Are. One by one. How much is the bottom layer?

[00:49:23]Is it old? How old is the top layer?

[00:49:25]There is carbon dating. Ok? And when we We reach the period we study Then from there we take the remains Let's protect. Let's take it out from there.

[00:49:33]Then what do we do? Recording does.

[00:49:35]Keep writing the picture, measurement and description of every object.

[00:49:37]Are. Then we analyze and interpret.

[00:49:39]So what are the different types of excavation? So First of all we have to test that Where to get the information from. Then After that, we see in the excavation that How deep is the cultural depth? here again Damaged excavations. means one side Excavation from. Excavations in India Harappa, Mohan, Kali, Mangal Lo, Than, All these areas come under Takshashila. Correct Is? So archaeological and scientific techniques This is done through. So in which we carbon Use dating. Isn't it? Soil Let us find out the age of the vessel. From this DNA analysis and underground structures Also identify the. So some of it There are limitations too. such as incomplete proof It is possible Not all remains are safe Can stay. Can break. In interpretation Problems may arise. Remains of different interpretations Different ones may be possible. Natural Damage may occur. destroyed by earthquake and flood There are no written sources. So to know It becomes a little more difficult. So What will we write in the conclusion?

[00:50:37]Archaeology is very important in the study of the past.

[00:50:40]Plays an important role. when we have If there were no written sources, we would What do you do with the sources? of history retrieve information and history events that occurred in human civilization, society, Get information about culture and religion We do. So archaeological studies through which we enter history Let's investigate history. of the sites simultaneously excavating and extracting are there scientific techniques that what Is there evidence of history? When did it happen?

[00:51:04]Using the archaeological method, the study By doing this we will revive human civilization.

[00:51:09]Reliable build and rebuild Are. I hope you understood this. Ok?

[00:51:13]Now our next question is question Number five. Ok? So I asked four questions.

[00:51:17]I got it done for you. So the video will give you your tomorrow.

[00:51:21]There is an exam. So if I write the entire query If I sit down to make it, it will take a lot of time.

[00:51:25]So what should you do? You can purchase these notes.

[00:51:28]Take it and read it. Ok? Because I have four I have asked you the questions, right? You have four I read the question from the video.

[00:51:34]The remaining five questions to 10 There are 10 questions, you can ask them yourself.

[00:51:37]Read it. Because if I make a video Then it will be evening. making a video Then it takes 2 hours to edit.

[00:51:44]Because it is not downloading. When the video If it is long then it takes time to download it.

[00:51:47]It takes time. Then the time to upload Seems like Then if you have any idea about the video If it doesn't help then make a video.

[00:51:52]What is the benefit of this? Okay, right? so at least If you are getting at least four questions You read it. I mean, I asked four questions.

[00:51:57]If you get it done then it is a big thing because There is no time. If I were to make it now, I would make it I have no problem making it.

[00:52:02]I'll make it, but it won't be of any use to you.

[00:52:04]will be. You won't be able to see it. Will come by night.

[00:52:06]Then you have an exam later in the day. it's very late at night Will go. When will you even watch such a long video?

[00:52:10]There is no point. So what should you do? This You can purchase the PDF from my telegram.

[00:52:14]Take it and read it. Ok? And you make this If you read it, I am telling you a lot.

[00:52:20]No, you will get very good marks. To you Absolutely you don't need to panic. You Read the PDF. You had a great exam The numbers will come in. You don't have to panic. You See it and believe it. So you need Hindi Available in both medium and English medium Will go. So download the video and read it.

[00:52:35]If you like the video, please like the video Do it, share it. You yourself said that Make it in short. But four in short Questions were raised. You just read this much now Read the rest yourself. Well, four questions That's why you have to do it in the exam I got four done. Ok? so thanks.