Dino Class Live! (VoD 5/9/26)

Added: 2026-05-12

[00:00:00]There we go. Hello everyone. I hope we've had a good week this week. Um, we didn't have a dino class last weekend, unfortunately. I do apologize for that.

[00:00:11]And unfortunately, the dino class before that uh that VOD actually got corrupted, so I wasn't able to actually uh put that on YouTube. Um, I don't know what happened. Just OBS, I guess, crashed midway through stream about two weeks ago during Stegosaurus Day. So, that is unfortunate. Um, by the way, I know I made the video yesterday about it, but uh once again, shout out uh Sir David Atenburgh for his 100th birthday. I I was doing research on him for that video, and it is genuinely baffling how many documentaries that not that he hasn't just narrated in, but he he's at least contributed to it. There's just hundreds, if not thousands of them. It's wild. What a what a awesome dude. Uh but yeah, uh what dinosaurs uh will be covering today? Well, um let's see. Uh I I did want to talk a little bit about um there was a terasaur discovery not too long ago that I think within the last two weeks has been discovered to be just a fish. Um there uh what it was was that there was a preservation of something called what is it? uh regurgilite, which is uh regurgitated matter from like an animal or something that is like fossilized uh or has left behind traces of itself.

[00:01:33]And there was this regurgilite that was thought to be from a spinosaur because it had all kinds of fishbones in it. And then some paleontologists were like, "Wait, hold on. There's a terasaur in here." But apparently that terasaur wasn't actually there and it's just another fish. which actually might give more credit to it being a Spinosaur vomit. So, but you know, then again, technically everything's a fish, so you know, h it's probably right. What is the oldest dinosaur fossil we found? I want to say uh unless you count dinosaurs, which I don't because they're not true dinosaurs, the oldest dinosaur we know of would probably be Nyanosaurus.

[00:02:18]I think that's how you say its name. I think there's a D somewhere in that name, but I can never remember where it is. Uh, but Niatosaurus, I think I'm saying that right again. Uh, is one of the oldest dinosaurs that we know of, and it it's a fascinating guy to look at, uh, because it has a lot of characteristics that become a lot more uh, pronounced in later dinosaurs, but it has like all of them. Um, and what's really cool about it is that it it shows off probably my favorite fact about early dinosaurs, and that is all dinosaurs started out bipedal.

[00:02:56]All of them. They any dinosaur lineage that became quadripedal re-evolved that that's why you have this discrepancy between like what the front limbs look like and the back limbs look like. It's it's very cool. Uh, soraods are probably the weirdest because by the by the time you get to the lake Cretaceous, they they've completely abandoned all of their digits and they're just columns.

[00:03:19]It's so strange. Uh, but yeah, Nyanosaurus. Okay, awesome. Thank you.

[00:03:25]Um, what is the most detailed fossil we've found? Ooh, that is a great question. I would say there's a lot of them. Uh, the Boreal Lelta specimen. Uh there's a specimen of Sinosuropric that's really good. Uh the Siticosaurus specimen that is so well preserved that you can see color on it. U and that's actually given us some very interesting insights into what mating rituals might have been like for dinosaurs. Uh because um how do how do I say this? uh part of the um siticosaurus was noticeably a different color and uh paleontologists believe that it was a different color because it was used for mating rituals.

[00:04:11]Uh it was the the cloica that was a different color. But I I want to say just because of how recent uh it's been, I want to say that um I forget what the specimens are called unfortunately, but there were specimens or I think two mummies of it Mononttosaurus found uh a few years ago and were recently published that showed off like this soft tissue sail running down their back and the fact that they had hooves on all their back toes as well. That that was that's a good front runner in my opinion. That is like the amount of detail that we learned about those animals that we had no idea was even there. Dude, that's mind-blowing. That has to be the front runner. Uh but yeah, do I think it's possible there's a larger carnivore, but just undiscovered or rex or peak? I am under the opinion that even though I I look, I love tyrannosaurs. All right, Tyrannosaurus are my bread and butter. I love them to death. But I am of the opinion that if any dinosaur that we have [clears throat] that we have currently discovered uh is the largest carnivore, it's going to be Spinosaurus because I I I don't have any specimen to show that off. I'm not even going to pretend that there is a specimen of Spinosaurus that's bigger than like the largest Tyrannosaur specimens.

[00:05:33]It makes sense to me because it's an animal that's going to be in the water a lot so it can get by with being a little heavier as an adult uh because it's using the buoyancy of the water to hold itself up. They're eating these really big fish uh that are really high in protein and that's going to make them bigger and bigger and bigger. Um so over generations I would argue that yeah, Spinosaurus probably was the biggest, but we have no specimen to back that up.

[00:06:01]Could there have been bigger that we don't know of? Of course, there's probably a monster somewhere in Earth's history that we'll never know about because its fossils didn't uh fossilize because it lived in a part a part of the world where it was hostile to the process of fossilization. Uh but if it's any dinosaur that we have currently discovered, I would I would put money that somewhere down the line it's going to be Spinosaurus.

[00:06:27]Uh but yeah. Um hold on.

[00:06:31]Uh, what would what would be cool?

[00:06:34]Allosaurus and Seratosaurus hybrid or Argentinosaurus and Apatosaurus hybrid.

[00:06:38]Aloe and Sarata would probably be cooler because you could mix a lot of those traits uh of like their different niches like because seratosaurus has like armor. They have the osteoderms, right?

[00:06:50]Um, Apatosaurus and Argentinosaurus, I don't know what kind of unique things you could get with that. You could probably do something really cool because you you have like the underside like caratinous barbs under their neck uh with Apatosaurus and then you have the back uh osteoderms along the uh the tail and hips for Argentinosaurus. So you could do something pretty cool with that, I imagine. But I think I'd like to see aloe and sat mixed together. That'd be cool. Um good afternoon. How late am I? Uh about eight minutes. That's all right, though. You like Cinosoptics?

[00:07:22]Yes, I do. I think Cinosuroptics is a really fascinating dinosaur. I love the formation that Sinosuroptics comes from.

[00:07:28]Uh cuz the same formation with Utyrannis and stuff like that. That formation, the Yishwan for formation preserves the most detailed um specimens of smaller animals and it is so fascinating. We don't get a lot of large animals from the Yishan Formation, but when we do, they are preserved in such amazing detail. This is why we have evidence of feathers on large therapods, right? Um, it's because of that formation with like utyrannis and stuff like that. Uh, but yeah, cinosuroptics is really cool. I love that we can see its colors. Unfortunately, uh, do I have I have a Sino avatar, don't I? Do I Is it in if it's uh in my select menu? Ah, it's not here. Okay, may maybe later.

[00:08:14]But yeah, very cool. Um, uh, what would hunt a healthy adult Kamarasaurus? Ooh, okay, that's a good one. So, for those of you unfamiliar with Kamar, I know I know I just, um, I just switched into this avatar, but let me show you Kamarasaurus because this guy's weird. Um, I say he's weird. Do I have Kamar? Tell me I have a Kamarasaurus avatar. I have to have one, right?

[00:08:44]Yes, I do. Here it is. Okay.

[00:08:47]Kamarasaurus is strange and I really think it shouldn't be because, okay, Kamarasaurus looks bizarre compared to any other soraod because their back legs and their front legs are like almost the same height. So, they have this very strange boxy appearance. And then there's their head. They've got a very strange head shape as well. These guys are big, though. Uh, I think it's unfair that we call them weird, though. And they look kind of different because they are the most wellpreserved sorod in the fossil record ever. They are so well preserved. Um, what would hunt a fully grown healthy adult Kamarosaurus?

[00:09:27]Nothing in the right state of mind. Um, I I'd argue that larger Allosaurus, maybe Torvvisaurus, uh, would maybe see them as potential meals. Here's the thing, though. They have to be desperate.

[00:09:42]I won't sit here and pretend that like, yeah, maybe on the off chance that like um an Allosaurus gets lucky, right?

[00:09:51]Like, okay, maybe, yeah, you get an easy successful hunt of an adult Kamarosaurus. That's fine. Full upfront fight with Kamarosaurus, you have to be desperate because that is a near certain death wish. Sor, you don't mess with sorapods. They are big. Full grown healthy adults are near untouchable. So yeah, uh uh oh uh with the recent Lysosaurus egg fine, is there any chance that uh they f uh they fed their young like monotreams?

[00:10:22]Now that is I guess not impossible. I I'm not again I'm mostly with like dinosaurs and stuff like that. Uh, so I don't know if there's any research into that possibility. Um, but I I wouldn't say that's impossible. It's it's definitely interesting. We have always kind of assumed that sinapsids like Lystraaurus and the descendodants and stuff like them um or the I think I'm no but like therapids. Sorry, I probably said the wrong name there. But like with the signaps and stuff like that, we've we've always assumed they've l laid eggs. We just now know that they do. I don't know how far the hypotheticals on behavior for young or like parenting styles for them are, but I wouldn't be surprised.

[00:11:17]So yeah. Uh can you talk about hatsoptics? Hatsigoptrics is really cool. I would like to say hat. Okay, for those of you that don't know, hatsoptric is a giant as dark terasaur. It's the size of a giraffe when standing on the ground. It's got the wingspan of like almost the size of a fighter jet. All right, these are large terrestrial hunting predatory um flying reptiles.

[00:11:40]All right, they are huge animals, but I think and I and I don't know how much I've talked about this in the past, but I I think people uh look at hate as this kind of unbeatable monster, and it's not.

[00:11:54]And first off, it's not a monster in general. No, no dinosaur is a monster.

[00:11:59]Uh but or no, no animal is a monster, I should say, cuz Hatsigopter is a terasaur, not a dinosaur. Um Hatigopter was a product of geography. Uh it was a giant as dark that found the European archipelago and found out, hey, there's a bunch of tiny dinosaurs on these islands that are suffering from insular dwarfism. I'm just gonna hop from this island to the mainland over and over and there's nothing they can do to stop me.

[00:12:28]It it was a product of geography and I find that very fascinating. So yeah, uh in theory, how would Kamarasaurus defeat a hunter? Uh feet.

[00:12:39]Feet. The these things weigh as much as small like like as much as a camper van.

[00:12:48]If if the hunter like an Allosaurus or a Tovvisaurus gets any clo like a little too close, right? It just gets a little too close. Even a slight kick could break several ribs and like if you get caught under the feet, I'm sorry that I I can't help you there.

[00:13:11]That's that's just bad luck at that point.

[00:13:14]um explain the um Enkyosaurus species. I can uh so Enkyosaurus is a genus and there is one species within that genus and is uh [sighs] I'm going to mispronounce this but I know what it is. It's magnificus or something like that I want to say cuz it's got like the same species name as Argentavis I think. Um it's something along those lines. Uh, forgive me for not knowing exactly, but um, Ankyosaurs are already pretty fascinating. They're part of a group called the Thyaphorins uh, of which the Stegosaurs are also a part of. Their armor is made out of bone and it is likely layered on or in keratin and they are called osteoderms. They are bones embedded into the skin. Uh, and by the way, when people say Enkyosaurus has a sledgehammer on its tail, it does. It's got a handle. Uh, there's literally a straight bone there where where they all or where the the club connects. It's pretty cool. Um, but yeah, and I I want to say for the longest time we did not have the skull of an Enkyosaurus. And I'd bargain that we probably still don't have the skull of Enkyosaurus itself, unless I've missed something because from my understanding, a lot of the reconstructions of Enkyosaurus in terms of its skull have been with other Enkyosaurs like anodonttosaurus and stuff like that or Tarchy or Caitenia.

[00:14:48]Uh, I could be wrong. I could have missed that, but I don't think I've heard of anyone finding an Enkyosaur skull yet. So, we'll see. Um, yeah.

[00:14:59]Uh, Uh how how are you alive?

[00:15:03][clears throat] Well, um do you ever watch Gravity Falls? You know that one episode where uh all the dinosaurs are found to be trapped in like ancient tree sap.

[00:15:17]Yeah, that's how I I just got back from Oregon actually. Um or was Gravity Falls in Oregon? I don't remember. [laughter] I I forget. Uh I know that episode.

[00:15:29]Yeah. Uh, what do you prefer, feathers or skin? Well, hopefully. Um, well, uh, I don't know if I want to see a dinosaur with skin. Um, but yeah, I know what you mean. Um, it it honestly depends. Uh, because, okay, here's the thing. until you get to the dinosaurs that are like closest to modern-day birds, the trodontids, the droaids, the um unin loa uh and the the rest of them. Uh, until you get to those specific groups of dinosaurs, feathers do not look like feathers for the most part. From what we can tell, with most groups of dinosaurs that had plumage that weren't those groups, the plumage looked very different. It almost looked and acted a lot like fur. Like on you, Tyrannis, one of the largest feathered dinosaurs we know of. Actually, the largest feathered dinosaur that we know of as of right now. Um, it's its feathers are a lot more furlike than anything else. Uh, but here's the interesting thing, right?

[00:16:41]Feathers seem to be ancestral to not only just dinosaurs, but the last common ancestor between dinosaurs and terasaurs because we find plumage on terasaurs.

[00:16:54]Also, my head is up here. I'm not sure.

[00:16:57]I need to I need a new avatar. I'm just slamming my head into the ceiling over and over. Um, yeah, Acro is fine. Um, but yeah. Um, oh no, I've lost my train of thought.

[00:17:14]Oh no.

[00:17:17]Um, God, hold on. Someone remind What was I talking about? I had a massive brain fart. I'm so sorry. Uh, let's see. was uh yeah qualas ever pick up other dinosaurs off the ground? I imagine they could. Yeah. Um yeah, teras. Right.

[00:17:33]Right. Right. Sorry. Feathers plumage.

[00:17:35]Terasaurus. Sorry. I don't know what God Sorry. I've been having like the worst brain farts imaginable in the last week.

[00:17:43]You can ask some of my friends. I'll be sitting in call talking about something I'll just forget. Anyway, um in terasaur we find evidence of um these things called picnof fibers. And there's this debate on whether we should call picnof fibers picnof fibers or if we call them feathers because they that that's what they look like. There are very small differences between them, but even still they're very very similar structures, but it shows that the genetics required for that were in the ancestors of both terasaurs and dinosaurs. So there's probably a lot more feathers in the world of dinosaurs than we think about today.

[00:18:23]Like even though a lot of people are putting plumage on a lot of different dinosaurs from all different kinds of lineages, but I will also add that the likelihood of all of them having feathers is highly unlikely, right? Like look at look at mammals today, right? The fluffiest mammals are mostly uh one of two things. They're either the smallest or they are living in cold conditions. And then you look at the largest mammals today, barely any fur at all.

[00:18:55]It's because of heat and stuff like that. And we also know that a lot of dinosaurs were at least semiwarmblooded.

[00:19:01]So yeah. Um class. What do we learn today? A lot about plumage and where the genetics of feathers come from. Uh which dino has the biggest uh attachment like kosauruses, spine, stegos, plate, spinos, fan, etc. Spino's definitely up there. Um, I I would probably say Spino's got the biggest ones because Spino has the most. It has the head crest, the sail, and the tail. All three of these structures are debatably display structures. The head crest is obviously a display structure.

[00:19:36]The sail is most likely a display structure, and it may have had some kind of utility. What that exact utility was, we're not entirely sure. The tail likely was a display structure as well because if you're looking at like actual tails of animals who are using their tails for swimming, swimming tails don't look like that.

[00:19:58]They the tails of animals that are swimming in water do not look like that.

[00:20:04]So I I wouldn't be surprised if that was a display structure as well. In terms of like the largest like what I will separately call ornamentation these things like horns and stuff like that it's going to Triceratops.

[00:20:19]Triceratops has horns that are longer than some people are tall.

[00:20:25]They are crazy. And yeah, also Stegosaurus Stegosaurus Desenturus. Uh I'd argue Miraya's probably got the most uh unique. Desenturus and Miraa have the most unique ones. But yeah. Um, uh, can you explain, uh, Lingosaurus is this? And I I do want to double check this real quick. Um, because Lingosaurus [snorts] is this. Yes, it is. Okay. So, I actually really like this guy. So, there was this small there there were these handful of like small ankyosaur specimens. And when I say small ankyosaur specimens, I mean like size of your hand small. These are really tiny ankyosaurs. Uh, and that paleontologist found like a handful of these specimens.

[00:21:18]And one of them was found seemingly with fish in its stomach. And we were only finding the smaller specimens of this.

[00:21:27]And a lot of people weren't sure if this Enkyosaur species was just really small or if they were babies of a larger species. Um so for a while they were considered their own thing. Um and they were like, "Oh, this there's this tiny um pesciverous ankyosaur, right?"

[00:21:48]Turns out not the case. They are in fact juveniles of a larger u of a larger animal. Um, I don't remember if the larger animal had already received its own taxonomic placement or if it is just kept that name. Uh, unfortunately I don't remember the specifics of it. But I do remember they came out and said, "Yeah, Lea Ningorus is like a baby of a larger animal." Um, but but on the on a on a good note there, we do now know what baby and Kyloaurs look like, and that's awesome. As long as you can get past the fact that you are looking at a a fossil of a baby and kyosaur and then things get sad. Uh god. Yeah. Anyway, uh [clears throat] [laughter] how's your uh is your tail not getting cold uh out that window? [snorts] It's 70 degrees out there. I don't know.

[00:22:49]It's it's fine. in. Look, we got nice sunshine out there even though it's like actually like storming really bad where I live IRL, but you know for me. Uh yeah. Uh is it possible spinos could swim at all? Uh okay, so this this debate gets in with a lot of different arguments because you have several different trains of thought. You have is Spinosaurus buoyant enough and is Spinosaurus built enough.

[00:23:23]Uh, that last one sounds a little odd, right? But, okay, think about it like this.

[00:23:32]I'm I'm going to I'm going to pull out my Spinosaurus avatar and we're going to we're going to come down here and I'm I'm going to run you through it. Okay, let's talk about the structure of Spinosaurus's body. Okay, cuz it doesn't take, you know, a genius to see that Spinosaurus swimming in water would be very similar to putting a sailboat onto a lake or something like that, right? Or at least that's what you would think.

[00:23:54]Um, unfortunately, that's not how it works out for Spino because its body structure is uh highly unstable in water even if it could float. It is very topheavy. And unfortunately, I can't like actually lean to the side and show this to you, but they found if you if Spinosaurus is buoyant enough, it's just gonna kind of tip over onto its side.

[00:24:16]Um, and then now we get to the actual argument on buoyancy. Okay, Spinosaurus has very dense bones. I mean, very dense bones for a dinosaur. Dinosaurs characteristically have hollow, lighter than normal bones compared to mammals of equal size. Right? This is why they're able to get as big as they do. It's because they're not as heavy and dense as things like mammals. Spinosaurus threw that out. But here's the thing, that is an adaptation we see a lot in animals that adapt to aquatic environments from terrestrial ones. So now there's this idea that Spinosaurus sunk like a rock. So you've got three trained So now now in the modern day you you have three main parties of people.

[00:25:12]You have people who think that Spinosaurus was an excellent swimmer.

[00:25:16]Um, you have people who think Spinosaurus uh was way too buoyant because of like things like air sacks and stuff like that. Um, and wasn't able to swim because it just sat on top of the water and there are people that think that it just sank.

[00:25:32]So, as of right now, I haven't really seen any definitive end to that debate.

[00:25:37]So, that's where we're at. So, yeah. Um, how fast could Galaminus run? Probably extremely fast. Um, Galamus is a part of a family called the ornithosaurs. That means the um the ostrich ostrich mimic lizards. Um, and ostriches are fast. Ostriches are the fastest living terrestrial bird. Uh, or yeah, like on land. Um, and ornithmids or sorry, um, I probably should have sorry, I said ornithamosaurs.

[00:26:12]Well, I guess I wasn't wrong about that, but Ornith the minids in general uh are built a lot like ostriches. Um and you scale that up to an animal the size of a moose. Yeah, that's probably going to be very fast. That's going to be very fast.

[00:26:27]Uh there's a lot more muscle in those legs, I'm sure. Um but yeah. Um how did Spinosaurus nest? That's a great question. I wish we knew. There's a lot about dinosaurs that we unfortunately don't know. Um, and things like nest structure for a lot of dinosaurs is just kind of I don't know. You just kind of got to make it up for yourself. There are some dinosaurs that we have nests for. Um, we we know hydrosaurs made these mounds because we have evidence of dinosaurs like Myasaura protecting nests and stuff like that. So, we know that they make these dirt mounds. Um, we know that or uh overapterids made these circular nests and laid on them like uh modern geese and swans and stuff like that. Uh well, I guess modern geese and swans don't lay their eggs in like a ring around the nest, but um so but so we have some examples. We know that sorapods likely buried their eggs.

[00:27:30]Uh but other than that, unfortunately, we don't know. So, um, what's the difference between Spinosaurus Egypticus and Spinosaurus Mirabilis besides the notable protruding crest? Well, it's very interesting that you ask because there are some very cool differences. For one, Mirabilis's skull is so much thinner. It is you like almost uniformally thinner than that of Egypticus. Secondly, the last finestra in the back of the skull called the lateral temporal finestra. It is a notably different shape. So there is a notable skull diff uh difference in skull structure. Um uh both in like you know the shape of the finestra and just the shape of the overall skull itself.

[00:28:17]Notably notably the back legs of Mirabilis appear to be longer than that of Egypticus. Right? Because with Egypticus you've got like these shorter legs. With uh Mirabilis it they appear to have been longer. And finally the third thing the third difference is that it is substant it is found substantially further inland from where the ocean would have been in that uh in the uh Cinnamomanian which is when Spinosaurs lived.

[00:28:49]So, Mirabilis is found further inland, has longer legs, and has notably uh a notable difference in skull structure.

[00:28:57]That is that is the main difference between them. So, yeah. Um, yeah. How do I talk dynamic?

[00:29:05]I'm actually just a shape shifter. I just like I just like taking the form of dinosaurs because I think they're cool.

[00:29:13]Um, you're getting Lakota lore.

[00:29:16][clears throat] Are you a Spinosaur?

[00:29:17]Yes, I am. How fast was Gorgosaurus?

[00:29:19]Ooh, potentially very fast. I don't know if I could give an exact number because the like if you want to see the issues with trying to estimate the speed of an extinct animal, go look at the debate around T-Rex's speed and you will see just how far that goes because people have been debating that since the moment Richard Atenburgh uh uttered the phrase like uh what was it? we well we clocked the T-Rex at 24 miles an hour or however fast he said it. Uh, ever since he said that, it's just been it's just been fights about speed. But in general, Gorgosaurus is notably thinner and lightly built in comparison to other dinosaurs like T-Rex, especially like T-Rex. Um, like here, I'll show I'll show you this. Okay, so this is Tarbosaurus.

[00:30:12]This is already like already pretty small compared to T-Rex, but it's still a notably bulky dinosaur. This is Alberttosaurus, a cousin of Gorgosaurus.

[00:30:28]Look how much thinner this guy is.

[00:30:32]And look how much longer the legs are.

[00:30:34]And I think Gorgosaurus actually has the longer legs. So, I would estimate that Gorgosaurs would be substantially fast.

[00:30:42]Uh, definitely faster than you. But the real question is, are you faster than your friends? Because that's all that matters.

[00:30:51]Well, I guess that depends on how many friends you got and how many Gorgosaurus there are. Uh, but yeah. Um, do prior extinctions fictional species make evolutionary sense? Dynamo Titan and I'm familiar with Dynamo Titan. Um, at least vaguely. Let me refresh myself.

[00:31:14]Uh, Dino Titan, cuz I have not played Prior Extinction in forever. Ah, yes. This was their attempt to make um like a terrestrial spawn. I would say yes. I will say yes to this. This does not look bad. It honestly like it wouldn't surprise me if like if Spinosaurus Mirabilis had hung out hung on long enough. It probably could have ended up looking like that. It's got the longer back legs. The tail comes up. Uh the tail isn't quite as long, but is definitely more uniform with the sail.

[00:31:49]It's got like a notable head crest as well. The shape of the sail is very unique. I like that. Um, I could definitely see this as like a lineage of Spinosaurus that um, like readapted to terrestrial hunting. Um, so I could see this as like coming from something like Mirabilis or maybe it's an offshoot of the Barry and Iiken and it it throws us all for a loop. So yeah, I I could see that. I don't know about the other one though. Um, sir, can you explain Spike uh, Spike Melis? Uh, I can. Uh, I do want to answer this one real quick though. What websites uh do you use for research? Well, there's a lot of good uh websites, and I'll tell you a little cheat code, right? So, for one, I'll I'll always recommend this one. There's one called uh facts.app. It's uh really good. They have 3D models of the dinosaurs. They have good information on the dinosaurs. They've got um they they put news uh or like they cover dinosaur news, stuff like that. I 100% recommend you check them out. Uh I really want it as an app on my phone. And I thought I I I would really like uh if it was um but but the little cheat code with it as well is um look okay we all we all went to school we all can't grew up hearing don't trust Wikipedia. Let me tell you you can trust Wikipedia if if you follow the source. All right and that's the most important part. So here's the cheat code. Go to Wikipedia find the claim.

[00:33:15]Look at the paper. At the end of the sentence, there's going to be a number.

[00:33:18]You're going to click on that number.

[00:33:19]That number is going to take you to a source. You're going to go to that source. You're going to check that source. You're going to see if that source is credible. If that source is credible, there you go. Uh but yeah. U now now the question about Spikel.

[00:33:32]Spyomelis is a weird dinosaur. So Spyomelis is this uh Jurassic age um ankyosaur.

[00:33:43]Um, which is weird because it's like middle Jurassic and and Gyosaurs don't really show up that early. Um, and until like I want to say the tail end of it was either the tail end of last year or the I yeah it was last year I want to say um we found or paleontologist found more fossils of spyomelis and found out oh my god what is wrong with this animal because it is covered head to toe in these like foot long spikes. It has this giant spike collar around its neck. Um, now [clears throat] what's weird about it is that Enkyosaurus have uh armor that's made of bone, right? But that bone is uh called an osteoderm because it is a bone that is separate from the rest of the skeleton.

[00:34:42]That is not the case for spyomelis.

[00:34:45]Spyomelis is wow that is really hard to say in a plural fashion. Spikeamelis' uh spikes were attached to its skeletal structure and it's so bizarre. It's so weird. It's shows up way before it should. It's got this wild aesthetic and I I don't know. It's just this crazy cooling kyosaur from the Jurassic. Very interesting stuff. Um yeah, spikelis the turbo porcupine. Yes, exactly. That's exactly what it is. I unfortunately don't have a spikelis avatar. I wish I did because it is genuinely the most metallooking dinosaur ever, but man, just look it up. [snorts] Go look it up.

[00:35:30]It is a wild looking dinosaur. But yeah.

[00:35:33]Do you have a Theinosaurus model or any facts? I think I do. It's probably buried. Uh oh, yeah. I have the one from the stomping lands. I think those like ages ago. Or maybe it's the uh maybe it's the Isisle Legacy one. This one's pretty stiff though. It's just kind of Yeah, it's just kind of here. The mouth doesn't move on this guy. Uh I can move the claws though. You have very nice claws.

[00:36:02]Um my fingers don't work. Wow. Okay. I haven't used this avatar in a long time and you probably see why. Uh but yeah, Thursday to source is very cool. I've been playing a lot of Ark recently, uh, as some of you have probably already, uh, heard or seen. Uh, and I've been playing with some people who are not familiar with dinosaurs, and their first introduction to theosaurus was a really funny one. Uh, I was playing with a friend and she was like, "What's this weird swan thing over here?" Cuz we have the Evo They mod on our server. And next thing I know, I see a red message. was like level like 135 Therenosaurus and I was like, "Oh, by the way, we don't think they're actually that aggressive IRL." I don't at least I I don't have a reason to believe that. We think that. Uh I think that's just a popular trope in media. Uh also, the claws not good for weapons.

[00:36:58]Don't use them for weapons. Not a good idea. They will break. Uh I say that as someone who is who is owns a Therainosaurus claw. It will break. Do not use it as a weapon. Uh but yeah, are there any fossils in Iraq? Probably. Uh I do not know of any uh off the top of my head, but I I would say yeah, probably knowing the the geological conditions of the the area around it.

[00:37:23]Yeah, there's probably a good many. Um probably get some some really good like early sinoacteria fossils. Actually, that sounds really boring and dull, I know, but you got to remember cyobacteria is like what everything came from. It's like the first life on Earth.

[00:37:40]That's pretty fascinating. Um, but yeah.

[00:37:43]Um, uh, do you like cenazoic creatures? If yes, thoughts on Deodon. Um, I've got beef with Deodon because of Ark. That thing has eaten way too many of my tames. Um, I do like Cenazoic creatures, uh, in general. They are really cool.

[00:38:02]Um, probably my my favorite of the cenazoic creatures would have to be like the calakers. They're very weird and fascinating. Um, but yeah, I think Deeodons or Intelons in general are just very very uh interesting animals. It's a shame we don't know as much about them as we uh as we uh should. Uh we know very little about those animals.

[00:38:27]I was thinking about that the other day, like the like the skull of Andrew Sarcus and stuff like that. Yeah. Um but yeah.

[00:38:35]Uh which dinosaur is the closest uh to Anguras from Godzilla? Closest to Angaras? Probably Spikelis. We were talking about it a second ago. Spikelis is probably the closest you're getting.

[00:38:48]Um, like if if I if I had to pick one, it would be like some kind of Enkyosaur and knowing like early Angaras depictions.

[00:38:58]Yeah, I'd say Spyo.

[00:39:00]Uh, yeah. Uh, what's your favorite uh dino? If you can't pick one, what type?

[00:39:07]Oh, no. I can pick a favorite dinosaur.

[00:39:10]You'll learn very quickly. Look, look.

[00:39:14]Everyone who works with animals, whether those animals be living or extinct, right, has a favorite. Everyone, even David Atenburgh has a favorite. Um, that that's that's where our affection to this field comes from. We have a favorite animal. We learn about that animal more. We learn about the animals and its environment around it. And it's awesome. Having a favorite anything is the most important part about working with animals living or extinct. Um, but my favorite is Nanuksaurus Hug Lundai.

[00:39:44]And I unfortunately do not have an avatar of it on uh like in here. Uh, but it is an Alaskan Tyrannosaur, uh, roughly 70 million years ago in uh, what is known as the Prince Creek Formation. It lived in northern Alaska.

[00:39:59]Uh, and it is super cool in my opinion.

[00:40:02]It was its first fossils were found in 2006. It was originally identified as a Gorgosaurus, reclassified as its own unique genus in 2014 after analysis of the bone found that it was not in line with that of Alberttoaurine Tyrannosaurus and was much more in line with Tyrannosaurine Tyrannosaurus. Uh so yeah, no, I I I love Nanuksaurus.

[00:40:22]Everyone's got a favorite, I'm sure. So yeah. Uh any interesting facts about Shunosaurus?

[00:40:28]Um, well, I' I'd argue Shunosaurus is probably already pretty fascinating or interesting by itself, uh, to anyone that isn't familiar with it because it's it's a giant long neck sorapod with a tail club essentially. Uh, you don't see that very often. In fact, it doesn't it appears in very few sorods. Um however that might actually be changing um because there is evidence on a diplodocid soraod called um a barosaurus that uh indicates that they had some kind of structure at the end of their tail. Uh we don't know what that structure is. We don't know what it would have looked like, how much it would have weighed, the size. Uh, but we know that they might have had something on their tails. So, my interesting fact about Chunosaurus is that Shunosaurus might not be like within the next few decades, it might not be as unique as we think it is, but it will always remain unique for having a bone tail club. So, I'll give it that. But yeah, uh, didn't mention also have a club? I do believe it it had something. Yes. I don't know if it was like a full tail bone club, but I do remember it having something on its tail. Yeah. Uh, do you have any Galamimus facts? Um, Galamimus is the largest of the ornithamids. It is also likely fully feathered and is probably one of those dinosaurs that you think you want to meet, but you don't. Um, if Galamimus was alive today, I would not be s uh surprised if they were actually just giant geese and tried to uh kick everything into oblivion if they were resurrected today. So, yeah. Uh um yeah. Uh uh when did the dinosaur era start and how? Um well it technically starts in the triacic uh because okay the perian comes to a close with the worst mass extinction event in earth's history called the great dying.

[00:42:46]It's the it's caused by tectonic activity and uh volcanoes and stuff like that. Uh the great dying takes hundreds of thousands of years to progress and to finally cease. Uh by the time it does come to an end uh pangia is still a thing. uh you have early dinosaur morphs that are uh getting bigger, but for the most part, the triacic is dominated by crocodilian relatives and other like uh rel uh like reptile lineages. Um there are a few sinapsids still hanging on. Um it it's not really until what is called the Carneian plugal event that you see the dinosaurs start to take the mantle as the uh terrest like the the the coming dynasty of Earth, right? Uh the Carne Pluval event is this 2 million year long like monsoon season where it is just raining constantly on Earth uh for like two million years. Um it is just a very very wet environment for uh for earth for 2 million years. By the time the Carneian plugal event ends 70% of Earth's terrestrial inhabitants are dinosaurs.

[00:44:02]Before that it was less than 30%.

[00:44:05]Probably less far less than that. So dinosaurs really take off after that happens. But technically the beginning is the Triacic which sparks the Mesazoic. But I'd say the dinosaurs really get their jump start around the carneium pl. So yeah. Um why were herbivores more prominent than carnivores? Uh it's just simple math. Uh if you have more carnivores than you have herbivores in an environment that is unsustainable. The carnivores are going to eat all of the herbivores. And what are the carnivores going to eat after all the herbivores are gone? Each other. What are the how are they going to reproduce if they're cannibalizing each other? They won't.

[00:44:47]It's simple math. Healthy healthy ecosystems have more herbivores than carnivores. Uh so that the herbivores can have a sustainable population while also being able to shed members enough to feed the local carnivores.

[00:45:06]So that's that's all it is. Um yeah. Is Galamus a car carnivore, omnivore, or herbivore? I have never met someone who has ever claimed Galamimus was a carnivore. Uh, but the idea that Galamimus is a ar omnivore or a herbivore is um a pretty interesting debate. There are a few people that say, "Oh, it's a omnivore.

[00:45:34]Oh, it's a herbivore." I could I could sit here and tell you that it might be both. I could definitely see like uh a galaminus eating a small bird or something like that. Or maybe they're mostly herbivores, but they eat birds at the same rate that like deer and horses do occasionally. So yeah. Um can you explain Bahadosaurus? Yeah, the Bahadosaurus is a relative of Amarosaurus. is uh this very weird uh soraod that is small but like not small by modern means because it's the size of a rhino. Um but like small by the metrics of other soraods they were pretty small. Um they have these neural spines on the back of their neck that curve forward. Uh whereas with a margosaurus they curve backwards. Much like with a margosaurus it's thought that these neural spines were covered in a layer of uh skin. So there was like scale uh like like a soft tissue over them and it makes like this big sail on the back of their neck. Uh the purposes for it uh of course it's another one of those things you could debate. It's uh could be for thermmorreulation, could be for display, which is probably the most likely, but then again that's like one of the cardinal sins of paleontology.

[00:46:47]You find a new thing, it's oh it's for display. Uh but you know that's just how it is. Uh who would win Dinosa or Steve Irwin?

[00:46:57]Wow. Okay. That's a hard one.

[00:47:01]Steve could do it. I believe Steve could do it.

[00:47:05]Yeah, I believe it. Uh yeah, when in doubt, uh call it this way. Yeah, it's one of those things. Uh do I have an Argenttosaurus costume? Put it Put it on. Uh I think I do.

[00:47:20]I'm going to have to dig into Oh, wait.

[00:47:23]No, never mind. It's right here. It's right next to the Kamarasaurus one.

[00:47:27]Whoop.

[00:47:28]Whoop. There we go. My head's going to be by the light again. And I'm probably going to hit that over and over again.

[00:47:35]Uh, when in doubt, call it display.

[00:47:37]Yeah. Is Trrodon a real dinosaur? I maybe it's hard to say. Um, there's some there's reason to think it isn't and there's reason to think that it is. Um, for one, the original uh specimen of Trrodon is just teeth. Um, and there's another Trodonted called Stenicosasaurus that has more um [snorts] uh that has Sorry, hold on. I'm readjusting my chair. [cough] Ah, god. Um, but there's another Trodon called Cinyosaurus that has uh more preserved fossil material. Uh, and people are like, well, okay, Sinosasaurus has more material and trrodon's just a set of teeth. I think we should uh synonymize Trodon with Stinosaurus. But there are some who argue that trrodon should take the priority and that uh Stinyosaurus should uh be synonymized with Trodon. Uh and so there are some people who are currently looking into specimens of Cinanicosaurus and Trrodon and are hopefully going to validate one of them. Uh or maybe both of them stay valid. It really depends on what the conclusion of the study is. And unfortunately it is not out yet. So we will see. But yeah. Um but yeah. Uh uh is finding ammonite fossils uh with the looks like ferionx tooth embedded in the same rock rare? Um well ammonite fossils and spinosaur teeth are both pretty common. I'd say that um if if you found a a berionx tooth embedded in the ammonite, that's pretty rare. If you just found them in the same rock layer, I wouldn't be too surprised because ammonites are wildly common throughout the Mesazoic.

[00:49:38]It's not until the KT extinction that they actually go extinct, but some of them actually don't. Some of them do actually stick around into the early years of the Cenazoic.

[00:49:48]And by early years of the Cenazoic, I mean like the first one to two million years, maybe. Uh maybe a little past that. I'm not too sure how long they stuck around into the Cenazoic. So, who knows? Uh, what dinosaur would you consider most likely to have venom since JP made everyone made everyone think Dila was? Um, any dinosaur that had venom. Um, I'm going to go I I would argue that T-Rex probably had some something similar to it, but it wasn't like a venom. It was just that they were eating so much that all the bacteria in their mouth, like if they bit something uh and that thing got away, that thing was probably going to die of an infection because of the the infectious bite of the T-Rex. Um, I don't think I could I don't think any dinosaur had any specific venom structures. At least I am not of the opinion that any dinosaur has evidence of any venomike structures. Um, so it's hard for me to say, but I wouldn't be surprised if something like a small trodonted was. Um, also going back to the T-Rex thing with the bacteria in his mouth, I really, you know, I think if you're getting bit by a T-Rex, I think an infection is probably the least of your concerns, but like even still, like if you manage to get away, that's probably not a good sign.

[00:51:16]Um, yeah. Um, if Mosasaurus come face to face with Megalodon, who would win Mos in their prime? Probably the Mosasaurus. They've seen sharks before. They know how to deal with sharks. Uh, how big was cutle katlas compared to modern stuff? They were the size of giraffes. Uh, in terms of mass, they're like five 400 lb. Uh, in terms of height though, they're huge.

[00:51:41]They're like the size of jets in some cases and they're like 14 to 17 feet tall on on like north ropey, the the larger species of qutokatlas is like huge. Um, they don't weigh a lot, but they are tall.

[00:51:58]Uh but yeah, uh any cool Mosasaur facts?

[00:52:02]Yeah, mosasaurs are are are really fascinating to me because out of every lineage of prehistoric reptile uh that has sore in the name, dinosaur, plesiosaurs, ichthyossaurs, um they're the only ones that are actually lizards.

[00:52:20]Mosasaurs are just straight up lizards if you didn't know. Um, they are close in relation to the modern vernad lizards thing. Those things being like Komodo dragons and stuff like that. Um, and I don't know, they're they're very cool. They have four sets of teeth if you didn't know. They have these uh extra set of teeth in the back of their mouth called terragoid teeth. Uh, they uh are there to just kind of make sure any prey that gets stuck far enough back in their throat is not going to manage to get out somehow. Um, I like I like a lot of the depictions that give Mosasaurus a forked tongue, too. I like that idea. That's fun. Uh but yeah, they were they were really cool because their rise to prominence within the ocean is actually very um similar in both time uh or in time and placement with the Tyrannosaurs because the Tyrannosaurus and the mosasaurs both get around the same stage in their evolutionary process in terms of like size. They they are like kind of following each other at the same time. So at the same time that you have these massive carnivores showing up on land, this new generation of carnivores showing up on land, you have this new generation of carnivores showing up in the ocean. And by the end, Cretaceous, they are exceptionally prominent all across the world. So yeah, it's very cool. Uh, how long were Quzel's wings? I don't think we have a definitive answer, but I would probably say somewhere around the ballpark of 20 to 30 feet in wide. Somewhere around there. I don't think we have definitive answer on how big but yeah.

[00:54:03]Um yeah. Do you think oxalia and spinosaurus egypticus are the same?

[00:54:09]Probably. There's there's a good chance.

[00:54:11]Uh the issue with spinosaurs in general is just that they don't preserve well like at all. and getting good enough specimens of already very fragmentaryarily known dinosaurs is uh not going to be you're going to need some really good luck with that. Uh is what I'm trying to say. Um so we would need more of a specimen of oxalia in order to say that definitively or or ocealia, however you want to say it. Um, I'm of the opinion that Oshallayia is like, okay, yeah, call it its own thing for now, but the likelihood that it is its own thing and maybe not just a new species under the genus of Spinosaurus is unlikely. But if it is a new genus of Spinosaurus, hey, that's really cool.

[00:55:07]But who knows? Who knows? I don't know. I don't I don't trust a lot of like size uh references for Oshallayia because again we don't know anything about its proportions. So it's its head could be massive but the rest of its body could have been pretty small. So we will see.

[00:55:24]Um yeah I'm going to catch up with chat.

[00:55:30]Uh what are the difference between uh City Patty and Obitor? Uh City Patty's bigger. City Patty's bigger by quite a margin. Uh Obiaptor probably comes up to your hip. City Patty's like looking down at you, but it's it's probably like if not eye level, a little bigger or a little smaller. That would be like a healthy size range. Um they're I think they're like the size of like emus, right? That's a Yeah, emus are probably a good a good size for a city patty. Um but it's mainly that uh also city patty is also I think has better specimens. I could be wrong, but you have the one specimen of the the one city patty on the nest that proved that obiaptors were actually or obiapids were actually really good parents and not actually egg thieves like their name suggests. And unfortunately, there's no renaming the Overrapids. So, whoops.

[00:56:26]Sorry, guys.

[00:56:28]So, yeah. Do you have a website recommendations to use of facts fossil dyn uh found that day? Um, the only ones I could say are fax.app, uh, National Geographic, Scitec Daily, um, those are probably the best ones I could give you.

[00:56:45]Uh, Scitec Daily, Netno, uh, Fax.app, those are really good. Um, keeping up with scientific institutions is probably also really smart. following a lot of people on social media that are in the field, paleontologist, uh, scientific communicator, stuff like that, keeping me up to date with all of that stuff. Um, because like here's the thing, you all hear about the big stuff with like Spinosaurus, Mirabilis, and stuff like that. Um, there are some discoveries that just get kind of sweeped under the rug. The mainstream media just doesn't really talk about them too much. Uh so if you want to stay really informed, you you got to you got to follow uh like the institutions and the paleontologists and stuff like that.

[00:57:27]You get a lot of really cool stuff with that. But yeah, um okay. I think um I think we are we are at time. So we are at at the end of Dino class today.

[00:57:43]And I'm also going to end it because I can feel my throat getting scratchy and I don't have a drink on me. I've been talking for an hour straight. H I need to go get a drink.

[00:57:53]Um I do want to say a few things though.

[00:57:56]Uh for those of you who have stuck around, I want to apologize for not being as active recently. Uh I have not been active on social media as nearly as active as I should for someone who does this as a career. Uh and I apologize for that. Um, the main reason for that is that we have something big that is in the works. Something is happening. We're working on something behind the scenes.

[00:58:24]So, don't worry. You're going to get a lot of content when it's done. But, as of right now, I ask that you be patient. I'll get you some some con. We're going to be streaming Ark next week. I'm going to be streaming my uh my server on Arc, so we're going to hang out on there. Uh but of course just hold out for for that uh project's completion. You will have something very interesting once it is done. But with all of that uh being said, what do you have to study? Go study the Hell Creek Formation because it's really cool. Hell Creek and Prince Creek, both the creek formations. Go study those. Go look into them. That's that's your job this week. Uh, with all that being said, thank you everybody for hanging out with me uh for the entirety of stream if you have uh or just hanging out with us in general. Thank you everybody who likes, comment, shared, follow, and all that good stuff. Uh, these streams are absolutely nothing without you guys and I really do appreciate that. If you would like uh your question answered and I did not get to it, uh, which I I'm sorry. I'm only human. I know I look like an Argentinosaurus right now. Um, but uh if you would still like your questions answered, you can go to the comment section of one of my most recent videos uh ask it in there. I'll get to you as soon as I can. Or you can join the community Discord link in my bio uh and ask a question in the Lakota questions channel. I will get to those as soon as I can after stream. And a very special thank you to everyone who gifted. You guys are amazing. Awesome.

[00:59:49]Thank you so much very uh thank you so so very much. I really do appreciate love you guys so much. Thank you genuinely. Y'all are amazing. Um, and with that being done, um, yeah, you guys have a great rest of y'all's weekend. I will catch you, uh, next week for a series of Ark. We might be, uh, picking up Mass Effect 2 again on YouTube, uh, Arc streams, YouTube, Mass Effect 2 streams on YouTube, and we will probably have another Dino Class next week, but I'm probably going to move Dino Class every other week, so fingers crossed.

[01:00:22]Also, hey, if you're coming in late, the VOD for this stream will be on YouTube shortly after if it's not corrupted, which it probably is, but if it's not corrupted, it'll go up. All right, I will catch you guys later. Class is dismissed. I'll catch y'all later. Have a good one. Byebye.