3 Mark Question and Answer | Corporate Regulations Governance |FYUGP| University of Calicut |Major|

Añadido: 2026-05-16

[00:00:54]start by saying hi to the people who are waiting. One or two people come and stop to start, okay let's start, what we are discussing is the answer to the three mark question that we discussed earlier, the three mark question is what we are doing now, the rest is what we can do according to our situation, okay, you are listening, right? You should comment on whether the voice is okay, then Module One Introduction to Companies Act, the important three mark questions that come in this, the first thing we are discussing is Define Company, the first question is Define Company, is the voice okay, please share what is a company, the first discussion is what is a company, a company is an artificial legal person created by a legal entity, then what is a company, an artificial legal person, after saying that it is artificial, I will not go into the explanation, it means that it is not a natural person, it means that we have created it artificially An artificial person is a person. It has all the rights of a person. It can go to court and file a case. It can get almost all the rates that a company should get.

[00:04:11]How did it become a person? It was created under the Companies Act, not by setting up any AI model. It is an artificial person created under the Companies Act. Okay, having a separate legal entity, it has a separate legal entity. Because it has a separate legal entity, it can buy assets in its name, sell them, buy them, and conduct lawsuits. It has perpetual succession. When we say perpetual succession, what will it do over time?

[00:04:46]What will the company do if its directors or members die? Common seal. If we say that there is a common seal, what will it do? Common seal is new. According to this, what is the common seal? It is not mandatory to form a company for carrying on business. It is created like this. So, just understand what a company is. This is a very important question.

[00:05:05]Then, if we talk about Section 220 of the Companies Act, it is very simple. What does a company mean? A company incorporated under this Act or any previous Companies Act. This Act means all the companies formed under the Companies Act, whether it is the Act of 2013 or the Companies Act of 1956 or 1892.

[00:05:28]What is the legal definition? But when we ask for a definition, the best thing to write is this first definition. We can also write this, but this is the best. If we add both together, it is okay.

[00:05:42]This question is a discussion. Isn't it okay? The next question is about what is a one-person company, an OPC, or a one-person company. The next question is about what is a one-person company? The next question is about one- person company. After all, this is a system that has come after the 3rd Companies Act, that is, a person normally needs at least two people to form a company, but here what can a person do? One person can register as a one-person company and one person as a member. Such a company is called a one-person company.

[00:06:30]One person company is a company registered under the Companies Act 2013. It is a company registered under the Companies Act 2013. It enjoys the benefit of separate legal entity. It has separate legal entity benefit. Similarly, what is limited liability? This means that if we are a person who does not want to go for LLP registration, then what can one do?

[00:06:47]Register as a company. It is a one-person company. What should one do?

[00:06:48]It is a one-person company. What should one do? It is useful for small business and individuals. It is suitable for individual entrepreneurs and then small entrepreneurs and then small businesses and then enterprises.

[00:07:05]Now the next thing is that when you say private company, you should pay attention to three words: Restrictions, Limits, Prohibits. These three words may be in your hand. This means that this private company has restrictions on three things.

[00:07:25]What are the restrictions?

[00:07:27]One is the restriction on transferring shares.

[00:07:29]One is the restriction on transferring shares. There is a limitation on transferring shares.

[00:07:37]Similarly, there is a limit on making the number of members more than 200.

[00:07:42]That is, the number of members is limited to 200. The maximum number of members is 200.

[00:07:48]Similarly, what are the prohibitions?

[00:07:50]Invitation to the public for subscription of shares. In subscribing to shares. What is being done, what is being prohibited, what cannot be done after issuing a prospectus to the public, what cannot be done, what cannot be invited to share, only private placement is allowed for them, what should be done in this, minimum two members are required, as well as two directors are required, etc. It has been said in this that when you say private company, what should be three points in your mind, what are the three points, what is restricted, what is the transfer of shares limits, what is the limit, what is the invitation to the public for subscription of shares, what is the invitation to the public for subscription of shares, what will be done after writing this, what will you do after writing this, it is confirmed, the three marks will be obtained after writing this, because that is all the definition, okay, is it set, now when we say public company, public company, do you know what the act has defined, it says that a public company is a company that is not a private company, that is what the act has said Public Company This company which is not a private company Every company which is not a private company is a public company. Any public company is a public company. What can the public do to buy its shares and debentures? What can the public do? What can the public do?

[00:09:17]What can they do? They cannot invite others. Didn't we say that in the case of a private company, we had said that we should prohibit the invitation. But what can we do in a public company? It should have at least seven members and three directors.

[00:09:27]Okay, now when we say registered company, what is a company? A registered company is a company that is incorporated under the Companies Act. What do we mean by registered company?

[00:09:43]After registration, what is this?

[00:09:45]Separate legal existence?

[00:09:47]Distinguishing from members is the idea that members will have a separate legal existence. Is that okay? Is the voice okay? Question four, question five, then the sixth question. When you say holding company, what are the two things to pay attention to? One, there will be two companies here. At least two companies here. This is a holding company.

[00:10:18]This is a subsidiary company. How can a holding company be a subsidiary company? What should I do if I have more than 50% of shares in this holding company, subsidiary company? On hold. If so, the company that holds this is the holding company. No more than 50% share is required.

[00:10:37]Take the directors of these companies.

[00:10:39]In this case, there are three people, one, two, three, X, Y, Z. What are the directors of this? Write " Director ABC XY here is like this."

[00:10:53]So, look at these two directors. If there are three directors here, where are two of them?

[00:11:02]X is the director of the above company. So, what is the composition of directors? If so, what is the holding company? Do you want to explain more? If I have to explain more, I will shorten it. There is a company called A and a company called B.

[00:11:26]How does this become a holding company? After setting it, if it holds more than 50% of the shares, it is a holding company.

[00:11:33]Which holding company is A? Another company called A is a holding company. And another company called B is the same. The directors here are the directors PQRST and there are five directors. When the bill comes, who are the directors? After asking who are the directors, XYZ is the same.

[00:11:54]Then PQRSS is the number of directors. So, look here.

[00:12:01]How many seven people are there in total? Look at the majority directors in it, the same directors are in it, even if it comes like that, what is this A? What is the holding company? This is what we are talking about now. Okay, let's see what is the discussion? What is the discussion? Holding company? Holding company? Okay, Abhinav? Control another company? Byholding more than 50% of the share capital. What did you say, father? If you say holding company, this company is a company.

[00:12:44]Control another company. This is a company. It controls another company. Another company B. What is it doing? How is it controlling?

[00:12:51]Byholding more than 50% of its share capital. What is its share capital?

[00:12:57]More than 50%? Holding or how is it controlling? The composition of the board of directors of this other company? Didn't we say earlier? P.Q.R.S.T. More than that.

[00:13:10]Composition of the board. Even though the director controls the company, the controlled company is called a subsidiary company.

[00:13:14]So who is the controlling company? Who is the controlling company? Who is the holding company?

[00:13:20]Which subsidiary company is the controlled company? Okay, so after we have said what is the holding company, we understand what it is and whether it is clear or not, it doesn't matter. Do you have my number? If you have a number, just WhatsApp one of them.

[00:13:47]Now, the associate company is the same as the holding company.

[00:13:50]This is the associate company. You need two words for this. Once something is put in place, it becomes substantial influence or significant influence. If I'm like that, I don't need a number if there are a lot of people. I have added the Google Drive link to this in the first comment. After the class, what can I do?

[00:14:13]Connect the Google Drive link. Connect it to that Google Drive link. Then you can download it and save it.

[00:14:21]That would be great. Let's do it after the class. An associate company. Associate company. Pay attention. Here there is a company called A. There is a company called B.

[00:14:31]Now, earlier when we talked about holding company, what did we say? If it has more than 50% share, it is a holding company. But if the associate company has more than 50% share, then it is a holding company.

[00:14:46]But if there is at least 20% control, what is it?

[00:14:51]Associate company. Associate company. Subsidiary company. This is not a subsidiary company, but there is significant insurance.

[00:15:05]That is, if we say significant influence, what does significant influence mean control of at least 20% of share?

[00:15:11]Voting power is defined as 20% of the voting power.

[00:15:16]Sometimes, in some companies, there are no shares. In companies like Right Guarantee Company, if there is participation in business decisions, then such a company is called an associate company.

[00:15:33]Okay, okay.

[00:15:38]Now, what is a dormant company? If we say that a dormant company is a company, then it may have been formed and may be holding intellectual property or some assets, but it has not done any business transaction yet.

[00:15:54]No, such a company is called a dormant company.

[00:15:56]Some people use it for taxation purposes. Let's also remember that a dormant company is an entity that is registered for a future project or to hold as, that is, for a future project, but now that project has not become a registered company or to hold an asset or intellectual property.

[00:16:20]Property Rights Intellectual Property A company formed to hold intellectual property or assets or a company formed for a future project. This is the main point. There is no significant accounting transaction for this. There is no significant accounting transaction for this.

[00:16:43]Such a company has no dormant status under Companies Act 201 Companies Act.

[00:16:46]But what do we call these companies that are used to hold future projects or intellectual property? Do we call them dormant companies? Is it okay or clear? Please comment.

[00:17:02]Now what is a government company? If we say that a government company is a government company, what is it doing with not less than 51% of the paid-up shares? What is the government holding? If so, pay attention to this. If so, there is a company here. In this company, the central government has If it has 51 percent share, what is this holding company? Another company, another company, Company A, is a company in which the central government has 25% share. The Kerala government also holds a 26% share. What is this, a government company? Another one is a company called X. The Kerala government has a 20% share in this. The Tamil Nadu government has a 20% share. Similarly, the Karnataka government wants to reach 51, even if it is 11, and 51 is more than that. Even if it comes like this, what is this?

[00:18:03]If the central government or the state government does something on its own, then hold it. It could be the central government or the state government.

[00:18:12]Now the central government and the state government can come together. Now, maybe state governments will join in. If the total share is more than 51 percent, what do we call such a company? What is meant by a government company? What is a government company? Let's read it.

[00:18:29]A government company is a company in which not less than 50% of the paid-up share capital is held by the central government or the state government. If it is held jointly by both governments, the state government or the government, or all of them together, then it is the government. Okay, now we have discussed the questions that we expect for three marks in the first chapter. Okay, now we will discuss the second chapter called Formation of Companies. Okay, the one who said there is no number, okay, the second thing we will discuss is what is the module called Formation of Companies. Who is a promoter? If we say promoter, who is the person who started a company, who worked hard to start a company, who brought his ideas and his business opportunity, and also the person who handled the company's documents and registration, what do we mean by promoter? Promoter is the person who takes the necessary steps for incorporation and registration.

[00:20:09]He is the one who identifies the business opportunity, arranges the capital, prepares the important documents for registration, and so on.

[00:20:25]So what is MOA now? If you say "Memorandum of Association," it's only ninety digits. What is the meaning of "MA" or " MA"? I didn't understand what it means when I said "MA"? I didn't write the number here.

[00:20:48]What is "MA"? When I said "MA", what is "MA"? MA is the fundamental document of the company. It is the fundamental document of a company that defines what the objective of the company is, what the power and scope of activity are, what activities it can do, what things will be in it? Name clause will be the name of the company, there will be an objective clause that says the objective of the company, there will be a liability clause that says whether the company is limited liability or unlimited liability, there will be capital clauses, etc. It is a fundamental document with many clauses. What is said is what is said. What is said is MA, now we can say that it is the bylaws of the company that is said to be AAO.

[00:21:37]The number given by Bioli. I gave you the number, Bioli. Okay, okay.

[00:21:42]Let's see.

[00:21:45]I said what should I do? Share the link.

[00:21:51]This document is called Articles of Association, which is a bylaw of a dormant company. This document is called AOA. It is a document that sets out the rules and regulations for the internal management of a company.

[00:22:15]What is this document?

[00:22:21]Rules and Regulations for Internal Management of a Company. It is a document that sets out the rights and duties of the directors and members of the members.

[00:22:36]Now, the doctrine of ultravayas is important.

[00:22:38]Everything is important. There are three doctrines that are most often asked about. Let's see what the doctrine of ultravayas is. Let's see.

[00:22:53]After saying that the doctrine of ultravayas is so much, I can perform some actions in MOMOA.

[00:23:02]Things may have been said or some things may have been said in AOA.

[00:23:05]So, do you know what the company's objects clause says? If the object clause states that this company has been formed for the purpose of doing a hospital business, then what can this company do that is opposite to what is said in the object clause? It cannot go into export business in opposition to the object clause. So if the object clause says that it is to do this hospital business, then if it is opposite to that MA and they go into export business, then it is called ultra vires. We call it ultra vires when we act against the MA. We call it ultra vires. We call it ultra vires. We call it ultra vires of memorandum. And so on.

[00:24:01]For example, what is a company and what is this? You should not do transactions above this or do business in these places. If things like this are said, it is the doctrine of ultra vires. So if it acts in opposition to that, it is the doctrine of ultra vires. If the act is an object of fraud and illegal, if something has been done against the MK, then understand that it is void and illegal.

[00:24:34]Understand that it is void and illegal.

[00:24:37]Now the next thing to discuss is the doctrine of constructive notice. According to this doctrine, every person dealing with a company, that is, if a person is dealing as a company, what we are discussing here is that a person is dealing as a company. Now suppose that we are going to deal as a company called Reliance. Every person dealing with the company is a press release of MA &A. That is, if I am going to deal as Reliance, I have to understand that according to the doctrine of constructive notice, what is said in its Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association.

[00:25:20]He knows the terms and conditions exactly.

[00:25:30]What is the reason for this? We can do it from the site and buy it from many places.

[00:25:39]Sorry, we can read and understand it after downloading it. This document is a public document.

[00:25:47]All this is a public document. For outsiders, I did not know what was said in this document.

[00:25:55]That is why I entered into this contract.

[00:25:57]What can I do? I cannot say that. That is the doctrine of constructive notice.

[00:26:02]MA and A are public notices. So if a person comes to deal as a company, if he comes to deal as a company, what should he do? If he comes to deal as a company, he must know the affairs of the company. Who did he mean by outsiders knowing?

[00:26:20]Outsiders, now that we have established the Doctrine of Indoor Management, what is indoor management? Now that we have established the Doctrine of Indoor Management, when we deal as a company, we should pay attention to one thing. There are internal procedures that the company has to follow. I am going to deal as a company. So there are internal matters that the company has to do according to its Articles of Association and MA. So we believe that they have followed them exactly. So, what should we do on the assumption that they have followed them completely? That is the Doctrine of Indoor Management. This is constructive and also indoor. Don't doubt it. When we say constructive, when we go to deal with a company, we know exactly about the MN and AIN of the company.

[00:27:10]That is constructive notice. When we say indoor management, no matter who we are going to deal with or what we are going to deal with, there are certain procedures and formalities that the company has to follow. What has that company done and followed exactly? What do we mean by assuming that what is the doctrine of inside management is what is being said? Okay Abhishek, okay Doc Pok, outside dealers, inside management is there to protect people who deal in good faith as a company.

[00:27:44]What is the right of them to do?

[00:27:56]What can they do to ensure that the company's internal procedures and formalities have been followed properly? What can they do to assume that the formalities have been followed?

[00:28:00]Now what is a prospectus? When a company invites shares, the document called prospectus is issued to the public. It contains the details of the company, the financial position of the company, the terms of issue, and all such things. Okay, now what are shares?

[00:28:17]What is a unit of ownership? What is a share? What is a unit of ownership of a company's shares?

[00:28:23]What is a PDF?

[00:28:26]I told you, can you give me a PDF of the unit of ownership in the share capital of a company?

[00:28:33]We call a share a unit of ownership in a company. This share represents the interest of the shareholder in the company. A share certificate is a certificate that represents a shareholder's shareholding interest in a company, sometimes called a share certificate.

[00:28:50]What is meant by equity share? When we say equity share, it means ordinary share. Equity shares are ordinary shares that have the same voting rights as preference share holders, but are entitled to receive dividends only after they have been paid. They don't have any fixed dividends, no matter what.

[00:29:08]Now, if we say preference share, what is preference share? If we say preference share, what is preference share? If we say preference share, what are the shares that carry preferential rights?

[00:29:20]What will preferential rights do? There are two things: There is a preferential rate. One is the payment of dividends. There is a priority when paying dividends. If we say preference, there is a priority.

[00:29:33]Okay, and repayment of capital at the time of winding up.

[00:29:41]That is, after saying what I said, preference shares are people who have a preference in some respects over equity shareholders. What is that? When dividends are paid, equity shareholders have a preferential right to receive dividends before dividends are paid.

[00:29:56]Similarly, when the company closes, who are the people who have the first right to the capital repayment of the company? Equity shareholders They have the right before the shareholders.

[00:30:07]I will put the link in the first comment of this PDF.

[00:30:11]Download it through it.

[00:30:13]They have a fixed rate of dividend.

[00:30:15]Now, when we say IPO, what is an initial public offer? When we say initial public offer, what do we do with the first issue? Initial public offer is the first time a company issues shares. The first public issue of shares by the company is why do we issue shares? To raise capital. Okay, a private company is a public company. What do we normally do?

[00:30:39]Do this IPO? Through this IPO, what does a private company become? What does it become a public company? Now, when we say book building, what is book building? After we have said this, the company should pay close attention to this point. When a company issues shares, it does not tell you the exact price of a share. On the contrary, it will set a price band between Rs. 1 and Rs. 120 per share.

[00:31:02]Range or price band What can you do within this price band?

[00:31:08]Buy something. Buy a share.

[00:31:10]At the time of issue, some people who buy like that quote 120. Some people quote 115.

[00:31:15]Some people quote 113. Some people quote 106. You can quote in many ways. When you quote like this, assume that the company needs a lot of shares.

[00:31:26]For example, for this share, a 5000 share might be quoted at 12, a 4000 share might be quoted at 115, and a 1000 share might be quoted at 113.

[00:31:35]What did the company do when it reached 113?

[00:31:37]What did the company get?

[00:31:41]The company received the expected 5,000 shares. When that happens, the company will determine the price. What determined the amount we needed, the lowest quote, so we'll give everyone 113. So what is the method used by the company to determine price? It's called book building.

[00:32:00]Instead of fixing the price first, if it's a good company, then if it's a good company, then a price band will be fixed.

[00:32:09]What can people do from within this? What can people do?

[00:32:10]Then what will they do according to the demand and supply of people? The price will be determined.

[00:32:18]The system that does this is called book building.

[00:32:19]Book building is a method of price determination in which investors bid for a share at a specified price. If we say that the price band is between 100 and 120, what will we do with this?

[00:32:32]Method of price determination. I said earlier, don't we determine the price at 113?

[00:32:39]Investors will bid for that. There are some people who bid 120, there are people who bid 115, there are people who bid 117, there are people who bid 113. After bidding like this, we will take the amount that reaches the lowest price to reach the share we want and then what will we do?

[00:32:53]Book building is a method of price fixing. There is no time to say anything in detail.

[00:32:56]That is why the final issue price is fixed.

[00:33:02]Based on demand from investors, the final price was fixed at 113. Isn't that what we call a stock market share?

[00:33:09]What is this? The company gives shares to its employees and directors for providing them with intellectual property or additional values.

[00:33:22]Okay, shares are issued at a discount or for consideration. If not, what will you do? Will they give them at a discount or for some other reason other than cash?

[00:33:36]That is, if they did not give you intellectual property, then they will give you something in return. Will you get the PDF? I replied to Abhishek twice. I have told him how to get it. Just listen to what is meant by bonus share. When you say bonus share, what is it that the company gives free of cost?

[00:33:56]Bonus share is for giving additional shares. So how do you give it? You give it as profit and reserve of the company.

[00:34:00]You will give it in the corporate account. In corporate accounting, in the third semester, you will talk about bonus share. I have studied in detail that additional shares are issued free of cost. When we say free of cost, we take the existing accumulated reserves and profits of the company. What do we do with this? When we do that, naturally, what will the shares be increased?

[00:34:21]Now, when we say right shares, what is right shares? After we say right shares, we mean giving new shares to existing shareholders in proportion to their existing share holdings. It is not just money. It is given at a concessional rate. That is, what will happen to existing shareholders who currently hold 1000 shares? Sometimes, what will happen to a person who holds 1000 shares? If so, 200 shares will be given to a person who holds 2000 shares. In this way, when new shares are issued, the existing shareholders have the right to buy shares in the same proportion as they currently hold. What is right shares? This is called right shares. Before issuing to the public, what should be done? It is mandatory to issue rights. Therefore, if a share is worth Rs 150 in the market, it will be around Rs 30 according to the rights share. It will be at a small conceptual rate.

[00:35:17]Understand what to do and give. Now, if we say Aesop Employee Stock Option Plan, what does it do for employees? It is a system to buy the company's shares at a discounted price. Are Aesop and Swatikity different? If we say Swatikity, it is a system to give shares to the company for some benefit. If we say Aesop or it is also called Esource, what does the employee stock option plan or stock option scheme do for people who have worked in the company for so long? It gives the company a right to buy the company's shares at a price lower than the market price. After considering why this is done, the company's employees will get a sense that our organization is Employee stock option plans are created to keep employees here and motivate them. Now, the next step is surrender of shares. If you say surrender of shares, then you voluntarily return the shares. That is, if you say voluntary return of shares, then you voluntarily give the shares of the company to someone who has said that I do not want my shares. You will know the four-feature. If you say for-feature, then you have to cancel them because you do not give me money.

[00:36:21]The company will forcibly cancel them. This is not the same. What do you mean by voluntarily returning the company that has said that I do not want my shares? What do you mean by surrendering shares after asking the company to cancel them and returning them? The shareholder calls me "call or share" and says that he cannot give me any more money. Then he says that at the time of doing so, surrender comes. Now, share certificate.

[00:36:47]After saying share certificate, the document is issued by the company as an evidence of Ownership Ownership is a certificate that is given to know that he is a shareholder of this company. If you say buyback, what is buyback? If you say buyback, what is purchase of shares? If you say purchase, what is purchase of shares? What do you do with your own shares? Buyback is the process of buying back the shares of the company from the existing shareholders. When that happens, what will you do with the capital? It is natural that the earnings per share will increase. Profit per share will increase because the shares will not decrease, so the earnings per share will decrease. There is no time to explain any such concept. I will tell you that. Let's understand the matter.

[00:37:27]Dematerialization When we say dematerialization, what do we do with our physical share certificate? What do we do with it?

[00:37:39]Dematerialization is the process of converting it into electronic form.

[00:37:42]Have you heard of demat account? There is no such thing as a share now. The shares of this company in physical form are not like this and that.

[00:37:49]What will we do instead of a physical share? Instead, in electronic form, like when we look at a passbook, after looking at this demat account, it shows how many shares of this company there are. It is not a way of physically booking each share purchase.

[00:38:06]How does it enable investors to hold shares in a demat account? If we say rematerialization, what do we mean by converting the shares that have been converted into electronic form back to physical form? If we say dematerialization, what do we mean by converting the shares to demat, that is, into electronic form? That is dematerialization. Now, what do we say about converting the dematerialized thing back to physical form?

[00:38:33]What is rematerialization? That is converting the electronic security in a demat account back into physical share certificate.

[00:38:43]Now, the third module of Management of Companies is the Board of Directors. Directors are a question. When we say board of directors, what do we mean? The board of directors refers to the group of elected directors who are elected to decide the affairs of the company. The directors of the company are the ones who control the day- to-day affairs of the company.

[00:39:04]These people are the people who make important policy decisions.

[00:39:07]They work as an agent of the company.

[00:39:10]All the shareholders cannot join in and rule. So, those are the few directors who are entrusted to rule. If we say that a group of directors is an independent director, who is a director who does not have any financial interest in the company? The independent director is the shareholder.

[00:39:29]Normally, what should we do if there are directors? Apart from that, if the company hires one or two people who are good at accounting and financial management and they appoint such people as directors, then such people are considered independent. It can be said that the director is independent, but it is not a small thing for them to come, but there is a remuneration for them to come, but not in the form of salary.

[00:39:55]Independent directors do not have any material or financial relationship with the company.

[00:40:03]People who do not have a financial relationship with the company and act independently in decision-making.

[00:40:06]They can make decisions independently. The reason for doing this is to bring transparency and fairness as well as to bring good corporate governance.

[00:40:19]Now, after saying that a woman director is a woman director, some companies make it mandatory for that company to have one of the directors.

[00:40:27]That female member appointed to the board of directors of a company is called a woman director. If you say "woman director", what do you mean by "tribunal"? If you say " National Company Law Tribunal", which was established to handle disputes, then you can't study these three marks and just pass NCLT. If you can't study these three marks, then stop and go. Okay, okay, what is the Director Identification Number? After you say "DIN", what is the number given by the central government to become a director? It is a number given by the company to people who are Indians, such as PAN number, etc. Have you heard what is the Director Identification Number? It is the number for directors. Key managerial persons are the senior officials of a company. Okay, right?

[00:41:48]Corporate governance.

[00:41:50]There is no such thing as corporate governance. What is corporate governance? It is the system of rules, practices, and processes by which a company is directed and controlled.

[00:42:00]What do we call that system that controls and directs the company?

[00:42:04]What is corporate governance? Saying. Okay, so to do that, what about accountability and transparency when you follow those rules, procedures, and practices?

[00:42:17]Corporate Social Responsibility Companies Corporate Social Responsibility When we say corporate social responsibility, what should a company do? A portion of the company's profit is to contribute to social welfare.

[00:42:32]Some companies say that social responsibility is to contribute to social welfare. Some companies say that there are certain criteria. Such companies with so much capital should set aside at least two percent of their average profit for CSR.

[00:42:47]This is the area we are discussing, which is called the last company meeting and winding up. The last module is called the company meeting and winding up. Okay, discussion, okay, comment.

[00:43:14]What is the next discussion? If we say annual general meeting, what is the meeting that the company should hold at least once a year? We call it the annual general meeting.

[00:43:26]How many days after the end of the financial year?

[00:43:30]Its rules are that AGM is a compulsory meeting of shareholders held in air to discuss the company's performance and important matters. It is a compulsory meeting to discuss important decision-making matters of the company. It is a compulsory meeting to discuss once in a year.

[00:43:46]What should be done?

[00:43:48]This is not a meeting of directors, it is a meeting of shareholders. The law says that the meeting of shareholders and directors should meet at least once in a quarter. What else is there in this? Discuss accounts, dividends, as well as appoint directors, appoint auditors, etc. What are these things?

[00:44:08]EGM is an extraordinary general meeting, an annual general meeting, whatever general meeting is called, it is called EGM, i.e. annual general meeting. We can't wait until the meeting to take some decisions.

[00:44:41]We have to hold a meeting to take a decision. We have to hold an extraordinary general meeting Present for Legally Conducting Company Meeting Meeting If you want to conduct a meeting of the company, what is the minimum number of people who can take the decision and go? That's what we call quorum. What is it? Okay, okay. So, the next topic is after the quorum. The next one is proxy. If a shareholder cannot attend a meeting now, suppose that shareholder attends the meeting on his behalf and votes on his behalf. If he does not vote, then all the votes are not valid. It is valid to vote by show of hands. It is not valid to speak or vote. A proxy is a person who is appointed to attend a company meeting on his behalf. Haven't you heard of proxy voting during elections? You must prepare the appointment of proxy in writing. What else can you do? You can only do it after preparing the proxy in writing.

[00:46:33]Now what is winding up? When we say winding up, what is the process of closing a company?

[00:46:39]Winding up is the legal process of closing a company. How do you sell assets, pay liabilities, and close a company?

[00:46:49]Winding up is the process of closing a company. When we say liquidator, who is the person appointed to do the winding up procedure of this company?

[00:46:55][Clears throat] We say liquidator is the person who is appointed.

[00:46:57]These are all the things that we have to discuss for the time being. These are all the questions. Now what is the next step?

[00:47:06]What can I do in this video? I will pin it to PDF. I will save it as Google Drive.

[00:47:11]Okay, so what am I doing here for the time being? I am ending this video. If you have any questions, please let me know in the comment box. If you have any questions, please let me know. If there is any area to focus on, okay, what can we do here for the time being?

[00:47:51]Community Link Community Link Okay okay let's put it in the rest of the module SA question SI question What can we do in the next video?

[00:48:08]One afternoon, two o'clock, three o'clock, and then we can come live sometime. SA questions can't be done with everything. SA can be done. It's worth six marks. You just have to look at it. Okay, there will be time.

[00:48:25]SA questions. We said that on the director's side, it is important. If you say that it is important, these are the questions that we asked in the previous year. That's what we have taken. I am from Areekode Part in Vilayil. The name of the correct place is Areekode Part.

[00:48:46]You understand things.

[00:48:48]I don't handle so many theory papers like this.

[00:48:51]Problems are handled. That's why I asked. I took it because some people were standing in the comment box like this and said corporate regulation. The conveyer understood.

[00:49:11]So, how can we stop the rest?

[00:49:19]And that's all. The rest of the time is mine. I said time, it should be done in three hours.

[00:49:27]This is not the material that is near me.

[00:49:28]I have just taken it and prepared it. It will be a general [clears throat] discussion. There will be no time to discuss a lot of content. It will be half an hour. There are six important theory questions that I had given in the essay.

[00:49:43]Before this, I had posted a video.

[00:49:44]Which ones are they? You must have seen it, at least some people must have seen it.

[00:49:48]That is, what are the important questions? I will discuss the three-mark question in each chapter, that mark question, 10-mark question, etc. I am only discussing the 10-mark questions given in this. Types of Company Lifting of Cooperative. You must have seen that video.

[00:50:04]You don't know when you come here. Procedure for Incorporation as well as Different Kinds of Share Capital.

[00:50:13]Important Module One, Four, Management of this. Third Hair. One, This is the third. There are not many questions in the module, that is, there are so many questions in this. Even if it is the second module, you should not skip any, but you should not skip the first and fourth modules. Because it is said that you can expect SA. If you have not studied anything well, study the first one.

[00:50:51]Anyway, skip the first one.

[00:50:58]I will come as S. That's it.

[00:51:03]Then let's stop here. Thank you.