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A computer performs four major functions in sequence: Input (receiving data through devices like keyboard, mouse, or scanner), Process (CPU transforms input data), Output (producing results), and Storage (saving data for future use). Raw unprocessed facts including text, numbers, images, and sounds are called 'data', which becomes 'information' after processing by the CPU. A computer is defined as an electronic device that accepts data, processes it, produces output, and stores results for future use. System hang occurs when a computer becomes unresponsive due to viruses, full RAM, overheating, or running too many applications simultaneously. The CPU directly addresses main memory (primary memory), which consists of RAM (volatile memory that loses data when power is off) and ROM (Read-Only Memory that permanently stores data like the operating system). Passwords are the most common tools used to restrict unauthorized access to computer systems.