The Indian Constitution is the world's longest written constitution, combining rigid and flexible amendment procedures, and drawing from multiple sources including the Government of India Act 1935, British parliamentary system, US Constitution, Canadian Constitution, and French Constitution. It establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic with a blend of federal and unitary features, parliamentary form of government, fundamental rights, directive principles of state policy, and fundamental duties.
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🔥 OPSC Prelims 2026 | Indian Polity Marathon Class | Complete Revision追加:
Okay, good morning to all of you and YouTube comment section whether my audio video is it okay or not.
All right. So you got a Indian polity.
subject.
Okay.
It is a blunder.
expect.
Okay.
But rest assured question.
Okay. So, without wasting any time, let us start.
Okay.
So yes, best already.
Okay. serial wise in the sense first of all what is constitution principle. Okay. Then underpinnings background of the constitution then the union under Supreme Court as a part of this Okay.
Okay. All right. So first of all, Indian polity.
All right. So first chapter that is what is constitution.
Okay. What is chapter?
What is constitution? Discuss constitution. However, students what is constitution is a document basically supreme laws.
Okay. So that is a simple thing. What is constitution?
It is a supreme law. What is constitution? It is supreme law.
Okay. It is a structural blueprint. Why it is called as a structural blueprint?
Because it is also democratic found.
Okay. So these are the meanings of the at the same time.
However, there are two types of constitution. One is written constitution. Another one is unwritten constitution. Okay. So what do you mean by written constitution and unwritten constitution? written it 2 3 fouritution when you look at our constitution you find for example part one okay union and its territory then there is a part two then citizenship for example citizenship. Then there is a part that is called as fundamental rights.
Then part four we call it as proper systematic logical.
But what about unwritten constitutionific having a constitution but they are not codified means there is no systematic systematic okay for example most of the constitution are rigid and flexible concept what do you mean by rigidity and what do you mean by flexibility rigidity It is difficult to amenditution. Amen.
It is called as amendment. Okay. Amen.
There is a procedure. So we have to understand what is the procedure and flexibility. flexibility. I'm more flexible of consider the following statements related to the nature of the Indian constitution. Statement number one, it is rigid only. Structure number two, it is rigidity as well as flexibility.
as well as for example article 61c amendment difficult process two3 majority minimum but there are also certain provisions which are easily 50% majority so one example is What mix of rigid as well as flexible is India.
Okay.
Yes. UKitution most flexible because then is there a yes that is USitution.
Amen.
Okay.
Now what about else for example enacted and evolved constitution? See what do you mean by enacted constitution and what do you mean by evolved constitution? Enacted means evolve means over the period of time.
Okay. For example, this type of constitution is construed deliberately by specific like constitution assembly.
Indian constitution is more enacted constitution. evolved.
All of a sudden, for example, First first 1857.
Yes or no? Regulating act of 1773.
Okay. British regulating act of 1773.
There is a requirement then there is a change. So it is more evolved.
Assembly.
Okay. Clear. Nowitution.
What do you mean by? What do you mean by federal?
Okay.
For example, Canada. Canada.
Okay.
concept. American constitution is more federal.
It is a clear distinction.
For exampington, Governor fully having the power. Okay.
Central as a whole US mix of both as well as federalally normally federal. Okay. In fact, India is a federal India is a federal Indian constitution has a blend of both nature as well. Nature for example governor center.
Okay.
There is a state list. There is a concurrent list.
central government.
Okay. For example, emergency.
These are certain unitary features.
India is both unitary as well as federal. American constitution is more federal. Canadian constitution it is more unitary in nature. Okay. This is one of the classifications. So uh these are the things all of you these are factual for example 448 articles total article number of Next.
Yes. Historical background and Indian constitution.
In fact, underpinnings this is a thing. Now for example, was the peak time.
So focus these dates are very important. Okay.
1765 grant of diwani rights to eastern company by whom? By sahalam. Okay. Then 1773 is a trading company which is a private British.
Okay.
Regulating act of 1773.
Then regulating act 1773. Then there is also 1781 act of settlement. 1784 pets India act. 1813 Charter Act. 1833 Charter Act again. And there is 1853 Charter Act.
53 years last.
So 1947 the act belonging to 1773 to 1853. Okay.
57 was a turning point.
Okay.
Okay.
1857.
It was primarily it is known as the crown rule.
Okay. Queen Elizabeth 18587 6192 1909. Okay. Government of India Act 1919. Thenal 1932 Government of India 1935 turning point and last Indian independence act of 1947 chronology. It is very important chronology.
Okay.
Companyle 1773873.
Okay. 1773.
1773 Governor of the Bengal to the position of the governor general of Bengal.
Consider the following statement so and so and related to regulating act of 1773. Statement number one the governor of the Bengal upgraded to governor general of Bengal.
All right. Executive council of four members was four members was established to assist governor general. Governor General Simple.
Okay.
Governors of Madras and Bombay Presidency were made sub to the governor general of the Bengal. Okay. So, Madas4.
Okay.
and three other Supreme Court establish then company servants from engaging any private trade or accepting bribes.
This is the reason.
This is one of the reason Okay. Then court of directors of the East India Company was mandated to report on India's revenue civil and military affairs. Who who are the court of directors? Court of Directors for examples regulations minimum board of director of directors.
Directors.
So how this come is important because act formally recognize the company's political and administrative role as well as administrative role foundation for a centralized administration in India. Governor General of Bengalentralization process.
This is the beginning.
Okay. Next. Amend act of 1781.
Declaratory act of 1781.
Okay. So it aimed to address shortcomings.
Acting restricting Supreme Court jurisdiction 1774 jurisdiction civil servants, revenue collectors and judicial officers from courtis allowing appeals from provinial courts to be addressed to the governor general in council.
Okay.
Requiring rules and regulations issued by governor general and council to be registered in the Supreme Court. Okay.
Supreme Court.
So these are the few changes. Next Pet India Act of 1784.
Peace India act. Okay. Now pet distinguish between election I'm sorry EIC election commission of India. So East India system of control director of board of control and political director of director is nothing but directors director board of control.
Okay. So empowered board of control to oversee civil military and revenue operations in India. So directly board of control of right. So next charter act 20 years difference those are not so important extended because it is a You think like it is like a tender. Okay.
British government.
So British government Except for tea and trade with China.
Except for tea and trade with China.
Okay.
exclusively funds for reviving Indian literature and promoting science.
So, Indian science minimum education system.
It is a company responsibility. CSR activities like simply development.
Next chapter act 1833. 1833 important because governor general of Bengal to governor general of India 1773 governor of Bengal. Governor General of Bengal 1833.
Governor General of Bengal. Governor General of India centralized civil and military power.
First time Lord William Bentik became the first governor general of India.
Governor General of India.
Law making power from Bombay and Madras president to governor general.
Okay.
Then introduce open competition civil service IC examinations.
Introduction open competition establish Indian law commission under Lord Mui Indian law commission by Lord Mule abolish slavery in British territory.
Okay. Then functions.
So legislative civil service3 civil service to Indian civil servant find out.
Okay. Anyways, so new president provisions provided for a separate governor of for Bengal separate governor.
Now 1858 Yes.
Act officially an act for better government of India which are calledative products. Do you know Okay.
Act for better government of India.
Commonly known as act for good government of India establishment of director board of control secretary of state for India. Now remember all of you are matured enough.
Secretary of State of Secretary of State is nothing but equivalent to foreign minister.
Simple. Okay.
Secretary finance ministry position ministry of affairs. So, Secretary of State American.
Okay. Indian became direct British colony.
British colony of establish Indian civil service IC with provisions for Indian recruitment.
Indian princity criticized for not fundamentally challenging the system.
Okay.
1858 finally Britain British government. Then Indian council act of 1961 marked the beginning of the representative institution India representative institution legislature process formally Indians were included in the process of law making although similar nonofficial members they are not as nonofficial members join vice nominated some Indians to his expanded council for Raja Maharaja sir Okay.
Okay.
He also very clever.
Then could issue ordinance during emergency valid for 6 months. ordinance system.
Okay. Drawback limited role of members only.
Next Indian council act of 1892 composition and functions of legislative council increase the number of members in central and provincial legislative council. This is the system.
That is the meaning of the province.
Okay.
state provinces governor general council could set rules for members nominated subject to the approval by the secretary of state limited indirect provision for election to non-official seat nominated based on the recommendations from various bodies chamber of commerce municipalities trade associations Okay. Then next reforms Indian Council Act of 19009. Okay. Indian Council Act of 190 important Okay.
Council 1909.
So reforms the size of the legislative council central and provisional increase nonofficial majority in the provinial legislature expanded the deliberative functions of the legislative council Indians were associated with the executive council. First time.
What is first?
For example, SPA became the law member in the vice choice executive council.
SPA. Okay. Communal representation for Muslim year 1905.
Bengal partition 1905 council act 1909.
West Bengal and East Bengal.
What is dividentiment?
These are Hindu majority which are Muslim and majority.
Muslimation voters dangerous isn't India system. What do you mean by list?
Okay. Turkey system provincial subject divided transferred reserved transfer administered by the governor with the advice of the minister responsible to the council. Reserve governor power directly administered by the governor and his executive council not answerable to the legislature.
Transfer and reserve subjects.
Introduction of the bamearism system.
What do you mean by chamberlar chamber? So first time by chamber strategy ch reform 199.
Okay.
Charge of high executive council member were to be Indian. Separate were extended to seek Indian, Christian, Anglo Indians and European. Separate electorate startain.
division franchise to limited number of people based on property, tax and education created the position of high commissioners of India.
High Commissioner Commissioner Max High Commissioner for example Indian high commissioner in UK high commissioner position wealth.
Okay. Only Commonwealth for example UAE Dubai maybe high commission.
Are you understanding? High commission country.
Anyways central public service commission mandated statuto commission. Simon commission. Go back. Simon responsible government to provinces represent establishment of federation of the British India and princ.
This is one of the landmark. Why?
Because Government of India.
Okay.
Union that is nothing but all India federation provinces and principal state but it never implement properly divided power between center and units via this like federal provinial and concurrent.
It is union list. It is a state list.
How concurrent list both union and state education these are certain subjects both union and state okay provided diary at the center but this never came into effect six provinces legislative So Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Assam and United Provinces provinces.
Okay. Separate to depressed class and women in labor.
Okay. So council for India secretary of state was provided with a team of advisers provided setting of federal public service commission provinial public op joint public service commission federal court and reserve bank of India. These are the development happened in government of India act of 1935.
Yeah.
Major Indian Act of 1947.
Okay.
party.
Okay. And crown basically Britain is nothing but crown 1947.
circumstances.
Okay. Partition for India and creation of two dominions.
Vice and governor general of each dominant assembly of the two dominions to frame constitutions. Okay. Empowered constituted assembly to legislate until new constitution. Governor of each dominion was to be conducted based on the provinces of the government of India act 1935 set. This is the reason why I told you why government of India 1935 is certain parts are still active because of this reason that was government of India 1935 I'm just making a casual especially harmony. Okay.
So this is all about what? All about your u 1947 So majority of the members were lawyer background.
Socitution starting 1946 1946.
Okay.
act system, RBI, Supreme Court.
So finally foritutional form ofution and one of the oldest democracy form of government 1931 for the first time of for the first time the concept of the constitution was given by Mroy Mroy was a Marxist okay 1934 Okay. 1935 formal demand. Then 1938's call for 1940 British concession and pressure 1942 Stanford Crips arrived with a draft plan for an independent constitution but the Muslim League refused to endorse it.
Exposed deep-seated political divides.
Muslim.
Okay.
1946 cabinet mission finally stays clear overall membership membership total 389 of the member area 299 British India 29629 partition this number decreased to 70 as some members aligned with Pakistan post.
Okay. Now election that is also more like an indirect election.
All right. So now for example this is important. Dr. as a president of the Constit Okay.
December 19469.
Okay.
directly.
Uh huh. This is important question.
January 19509.
Okay.
Start specifically was selected to honor the historic declaration of questionary independent state completely.
Okay.
Congress 1929.
Article 5 6 7 8 9 citizen related article implement. Article 60 oath of the president. Article 325 uh sorry 324 election article 366 367 definition interpretation 379 80 88 91 9293 provisions related to parliament temporary law and titles already okay Now rules of the procedure question rule of the procedure steering committee Dr. Rajendra pasad staff and finance committee head Dr. Rajendra Credial Committee, Order of the Business, State Negotating Committee, Flat Committee Rajendra Pashad and Committee on Functions of the Constiting of the Constit and assembly because rules of procedure steering committee staff and finance committee or flag committee including president now advisory committee on fundamental rights questionary committee on fundamental rights minority tribal areific Okay. Union Power Committee Union Constitution Committee Provinial Constitution Committee again drafting committee obviously Dr. Drafting Huh. Provinial Committee.
Okay.
That is all about Indian constitution.
Okay. Now salient features of the Indian constitution.
It is the length written constitution.
Lengthiest written constitution.
Second, it is drawn from various sources.
Okay.
Blend of rigidity and flexibility.
discuss.
Okay.
What are the features?
Division of the power. These are federal feature. Written constitution. Federal feature. Supremacy of the constitution is a federal feature.
State that is a federal feature. Rigidity of the constitution is a federal feature.
Independent judiciary and bicarederal feature strong center emergency.
It is a unitary feature. Single constitution is a unitary feature.
Integrated judiciary unitary feature.
Appointment of the state governor by the uh center unitary feature. All India service unitary feature. Parliament power to alter state boundaries.
That is a feature.
Okay. Parliamentary form of the government form of Charles.
Real executive.
President is a parliamentary feature collective responsibility entire individual ministers are they enjoy the pleasure of the president but the entire council of ministers they are responsible to the only so that is called as collective responsibility okay membership of the minister in the legisle ministeris anyhow of the lower house.
These are the criteria of the parliamentary features of government.
Okay.
Fundamental rightspanches voting rights. Okay. Single citizenship, independent bodies, election commission, CAG, UPAC, state public service commission. These are the independent bodies. Emergency provision, national emergency article 352, state emergency president's role and financial emergency article 360. Then three tier government, union government, state government, local selfad institution 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment act of 1992.
question.
Okay. So that is all about salient features of the constitution.
Next chapter sources of the Indian constitution. Sources of the Indian constitution.
Okay.
Sources of the constitution students.
sources believe me.
Okay. So sources of the government office of the governor concept coming from government of India 1935 judiciary concept public service commission emergency provision of administrative details code 1935 author repeat federal scheme office of the governor judiciary Public service commission emergency provision procedures 1935. Okay. Next parliamentary form of government rule of law. Okay.
dual citizenship, state citizenship, center citizenship but Britain single citizenship systems prerogative reads article 32 under what are the reads corpus mandamas prohibition five reads by supreme court of India article 32 fundamental right and by high court 226 Okay.
British.
Okay. Similar judiciary of India 1935. But independence concept of judiciary coming from G 1935 but judiciary review impeachment of the president of India article 61. Okay. Article 61 of the Indian Constitution America.
Okay.
Nextution a method of the president.
Okay. Next, Canadian constitution.
Canadian constitution already fed the strong center but Canada the strong center power in the center.
What do you mean by power state list?
Okay. Appointment of the state governors by the center Canadian advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under article 143. It's very important.
Okay. advisitution Australian freedom of trade although proper list freedom of trade commerce and intercourse Australian constitution joint sitting of the two houses of the parliament joint possible deadlock more than 6 months that.
Okay.
Suspension of the fundamental rights during emergency and emergency fundamental duty of justice, social justice, economical justice, political justice system.
These are all related to Soviet era influence. French constitution, liberty etc. liberalism concept. Okay.
Idea of liberty, equality, fet.
French constitution. South Africa procedure of the amendment of the constitution article 368 the power of parliament and the procedure. Hence for basically South Africa election of the member of the Rajya Sabha South Africa nomination member of Rajya Sabha word difference election of the member of the Rajya Sabha South Africa nomination of the Rajya Sabha.
Okay.
Judiciary 1935 independency of the judiciary US.
So national etc etc. These are not important for prelims.
So there is a table repeat scheme office of governor judiciary PSC emergency administrative Austral trade and commerce joint sitting federation with strong center vesting of the residary power appointment of the state government by the center advisory jurisdiction of the supreme court DPS nomination Rajya Sabha members to the Rajya Sabha method of election to the president Japan Procedure established by law. Russia.
Fundamental duty. Ideal of justice. UK.
Parliamentary government. Rule of law.
Legislative procedure. Single citizenship. Cabinet system. RITs.
Parliamental privileges. Bicularism. US fundamental rights. Independence of the judiciary. Judicial review. Impeachment of the president. Supreme Court and high court judges. Removal procedure.
US suspension of the fundamental rights during the emergency procedure of the amendment to the Indian constitution.
France republic ideals of the liberty equality fraternity comparative analysis. Okay. Yes. No. Yes. No. I think already discuss that comes to an end of the sources of the constitution. Next topic and chapter is amendment of the constitution.
YouTube any doubt please ask in the comment section. Students yes deep yes.
Okay.
Chapter.
Yes.
Okay.
Guru Prasad.
Any doubt? Write comment section. If you're understanding doubt.
Okay. Amendment of the constitution is very simple from the prelims point of view. We don't want the procedure in details because procedure number one.
Okay.
Amendment there are multiple ways. Okay.
Generally amendment there is a process called as article 368.
Article 368 is the uh power statement power of parliament and procedure.
Remember this power of the parliament and procedure.
Article 368 co-art students part xx.
Okay. So amending procedure of the parliament s there are certain parts of the constitution for example question 368 amendment article 368 is one of the major way but article 368 Simple article article one and four amendment one and four are part of the constitution article 368. No article 368 could major procedure to 99% amendment article 368 under weight for 1 to2% amendment outside of the article 368 clear.
Next important amendment.
Important amendment. By the way, I think landmark judgments. Okay.
judgement. Supreme Courtments.
Okay. So amendment first amendment schedule to protect land reforms etc. Judicial reviews other laws from the judicial review schedule.
Okay. First constitution amendment act trading the nationalism reasonable article 31A include insertion of article 31A and 31B that is related to first constitutional amendment. Second constitutional amendment readjustment of the scale and representation of the Lok Sabha.
Seventh Amendment abolition of existing classification of the state into four category to part A, B, C, D56.
Okay.
For example, 24th amendment 24th amendment 1971.
Then further 67 amendment's power to amend any part of the constitution including fundamental rights. This is important. Okay.
1971.
Then 26th amendment omission of article 291 and 362. New article 363 A stating recognitions to rulers of Indian state seizures and preview versus abolished system 26th amendment act 42nd amendment 1976 because majority of the provisions Amen.
Okay. For example, 42nd amendment socialist, secular and integrity.
Okay. Socialist secular and integrity question. Okay. Fundamental duties part 4.
Amendment 42nd 1976.
President to act on advice of the council of minister. Article 74 provided for adoptive tribunal. Admin6 is the crucial time period.
1975 emergency and this is the beginning of changing of the power dynamics in Indian democracy constitutional amendment beyond judicial tenor of the loca and assemblies from 5 year to 6 year. Okay.
Laws for direct principle not invalid if not violating certain fundamental right.
Okay.
Validspid facilitated national emergency in a part of territory extended president's rule in the states from 6 months to one year.
Restoration.
Okay. Education, forest, wife protection, weights measurement, administrative justice from the state to concurrenc.
Okay. So 42nd amendment prime minister back to the original it was taken away by 42nd amendment internal disturbances.
Emergency disturbances. Internal disturbances.
How do you define what is internal disturbances? Okay.
Then for national president to declare national emergency only on written cabinet recommendation.
Cabinet written declaration national emergency. Then deleted right to property from fundamental rightal 300.
Yes, correct. You are correct. So legal right article 300.
Uh then article 20 of article 21 cannot be suspended during emergency provision 42nd amendment.
Okay. Next. Next important for example 73rd and 74th amendments of all important because why 73rd amendment act that was established in 74th constitutional amendment act. Clear?
Okay.
For example, part A 12th schedule with 18 items 12.
So these are the things changes to 74 and 76th amendment act. Now 86th amendment 86th amendment 2002 right to education point of view elementary education is a fundamental right. Article 21 America A for parents and guardians and okay.
So these are the things nextction.
Okay.
discussion.
So 91st amendment act limited size council minister divide for defector from public offices strengthen anti-defection law. Okay.
Then important 101 amendment.
Then 106 amendment act women reservation act reservation 13 seat ink.
So opposition 33% existing 33% that is under 106 amendment 106 amendment act very important important 91st amendment act. Okay.
Already discuss. So these are the things related to constitutional amendments.
Now coming to the uh picture related to the basic structure doctrine main concept but briefly what is basic structure? So basic for the first time for the first And going there.
for the first time.
It is a judicial Supreme Court of India.
Basic structure. Okay. So what is basic structure? Basic structure students.
Basic structure.
For example, there is a house.
found right form of government secularism rule of law. Okay.
Okay.
You cannot change it.
Constitution Supreme, Parliament Supreme Possible. Why? Because it is a basic structure. Republican and Democratic form of government. Secular character of the Constitution, Federal character of the Constitution, separation of power between legislature, executive and judiciary, unity and integrity of the nation, sovereign character of India, judicial review. Okay. Parliamentary system, rule of law, freedom and dignity of the individual, mandate to build a welfare state, harmony and balance between fundamental rights and DPS, effective access to justice, principle of equality, independence of judiciary, limited power of the parliament to amend the constitution, free and fair election, author No no no no no no there has to be a surprise element there is no list of the basic structure basments total basure structure then well and good. Okay. So that is all about what basic structure of Indian constitution point clear. Okay.
Superior of constitution, republic and democratic form of government. Secular secularism, India to be a secular country, federal character, separation of power, then unity and integrity of the nation, sovereignity characteristics, judicial review, parliamentary system, rule of law, freedom and dignity of the individual. Article 14, Article 19, 21.
Freedom and dignity of individual, mandate to build a welfare state, DPS, harmony and balance between fundamental right and DPS. Balance, effective access to the justice effective access, independency of the judiciary, principle of equality under article 14, limited power of the parliament to amend the constitution and free and fair election. These are the basic structure. Okay. So maybe tomorrow questions basic structure that's it all about the basic structure of the Indian constitution. Now this chapter is not so important okay India system of the government is not important for the prelims point of view because government system executive legislature and judiciary.
Okay.
State government then there is a local self government. So I'm directly going to the preamble of the Indian constitution. Okay. So preamble of the Indian constitution. Preamble simple.
We the people of India we have solemnly resolved to constitute India into country.
completely independent without any bias that is called a sovereignity. So is a India is a sovereign country and India is a socialist country. socialist for example.
Okay.
socialist country secular dharma.
There is no official religion of India.
However, India acknowledges all the religion. So there is a concept of Indian secularism and western secularism. Western secularism they do not have any official religion. They do not acknowledge any religion. Religion is a personal affair.
Contribution, help in kind or finance.
So that is secularism. Okay. But we do not have any official religion of our country. Now next democratic and republic. Democratic republic form of government head of the state is elected. So is a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic. Please remember the sequence. Sometimes they ask the sequence also.
Democratic secular sovereign socialist democratic republic.
This is the sequence.
Okay.
Okay.
Voting right.
Liberty of thoughted freedom. Okay. expression, belief, faith and worship, equality of status and opportunity to promote among all. Okay. Equality of status, equality of opportunity.
So finally do hereby adopt enact and give to ourselves this constitution.
So finally January example majority already implementation.
Okay clear that is all about preamble of the Indian constitution. Now going next the first is the part one of the Indian constitution. Con students part one part one of the Indian constitution that is basically called as union and its territory. All right simple article one of the Indian constitution. There are total four article my dear 1 2 3 and four. Part one total chapter article article one that India that is bat shall be union of states and its territory include all the states all the union territories and any other reason which we may acquire in future it is a union of state what is the So that is a basic difference between the concept of union states from the American point of view and Indian point of view.
any other reason.
Okay.
So, so that is all about article one.
Article two. Admission.
Admission and establishment.
Establishment of what? Of state.
Okay.
Okay.
Article article. For example, change change of boundary, change of name etc. Okay. Change of name, change of boundary or creation of the new states out of a a state.
Article 300 for example Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014.
So there are many reasons why a state can be created. One of the best reason could be based on the linguistic parameter. Before independence Orisa became 1936 it became a separate province based on the language. Okay. But after independence Andhra has become first linguistic state. But it is not only the language but also the developmental aspect. For example, here this is all about article simple article.
West Bengal. Westgal Schedule one. Okay.
Last of State and Territory four.
Representation of member of parliament to the Rajya Sabha from a state.
And my question is are schedule part of the constitution? Yes, they are part of the constitution. Okay, that means we are amending the constitution but it does not require constitutional amendment under article 368. Simple majority parliamentary bill pass article article article implement you have to amend schedule one and schedule 4 and for which 368 is not required. Simple amendment bill simple majority clear that is all about uh part one of the Indian constitution.
Next provision next citizenship. Okay. Citizenship students.
Yes.
Article Article simple majority.
All right. Now I think by the way citizenship part two part then we are coming to part two basically article five citizenship at the commencement of the constitution Right.
Article six, rights of the citizen certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.
Article seven, right of the citizens of certain migrants to Pakistan.
Okay. Article 9 that is persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of the foreign statearily sorry for example to regulate the citizenship by lawship amendment I think Buddhist controvers and Buddhist specifically but Hindus and Sikh primarily Okay. So, rights and duties of the citizenship by birth.
Okay. By birth.
So, by birth by descent. By desend a person born outside India was a citizen by descent if their father was an Indian citizen at the time of their birth.
any of the parents father.
Okay.
local by naturalization. By natural relation also the central government may grant a certificate by naturalization of any person not illegal immigrant if they possess certain qualification including not being a subject or citizen of any country having renowned citizenship of their country having resided in India or been in government service for a total taking an oath in allegiance to the constitution of India how by incorporation of territory again article any other reason by termination. Termination. For example, by deprivation citizenship was accurate by fraud. The fraud The citizen has been sentenced to imprisonments for not less than two years in any country within 5 years of resistation and national.
So these are the things related to citizenship. American citizenship, Canadian citizenship, Australian citizenship, they literally scroll your social media profile.
Okay. So that's all about citizenship uh NRA NRC what these are not important that's it next part three of Indian constitution that is all about fundamental uh rights of the Indian constitution part three fundamental rights students article yes article fundamental rights article actually.
Okay. But anyways, so there are six types of fundamental right. What are the six types of fundamental right? One is right to equality.
Okay. Right to freedom 19 to22. Right against exploitation.
Then right to freedom of religion article.
Cultural and educational right 2930.
Right to property 31 300 and right to constitution 32.
Now first article 12 article 12 the definition of state who is a state can violate your fundamental right.
Okay.
It doesn't amount to violation of the fundamental right.
It violates the fundamental right.
Simple. So state state either it is an executive union or state government and partially only police, army, public sector units, civil servants, MLS MPs.
Article 13 the laws which are inconsistent with the fundamental right shall be null and void.
Okay.
This is all about article 12 article 13.
Then we come to the first article that is called as article 14 of the Indian constitution right to equality. So right to equality student there are two concept one is equality before the law and one is equal protection.
Okay. So first is equality before the law. What do you mean by equality before the law? In the eyes of law, all are equal.
Practically theoretically.
Okay. But there are some people for whom the law is not equal. Who are these people? Governor, president of India, foreign ambassadors, foreign law. Why? For an example, criminal investigation start of India or the governor of the state. civil mattered equality before the law e exceptions are president of India, governor of the state and certain ambassadors, foreign dignitaries etc. Okay.
Equal protection of law. Equality before the law. Equal protection of law. Equal protection of law. The law protects everyone equally. Okay.
and okay because they are backward. They are socially backward or maybe educational backward historically.
Okay. We don't want to go into the controversy of the reservation. That is none of our business for the time. For the time concerned the law will protect unregistered unatategorized general candidate reserve category.
This is simple concept of EPL equal protection of law. Okay. Next, article 15 of the constitution. What does the article 15 says? Article 15 simple.
Prohibition of discrimination based on religion, race, cast, sex plus a birth.
There are five grounds. Okay.
Prohibition of discrimination. Article 15 total pasta clauses. 15 clause number one. States are not discriminate based on religion, race, cast, sex and place of birth.
State discriminate 15 clause number one. 15 clause number two simple.
Nobody shall be denied access to the public places etriving This is violation of the fundamental right.
It is a positive discrimination.
Article 15 and clause.
Okay.
reservation procedure article 15 clause 3 clause 4 and clause five mention again on those five grounds because it is considered as a positive discrimination affirmative actions.
So that is all about article 15 of the Indian constitution.
Yes or no?
Huh?
Clear YouTube.
Yes.
YouTube. Is it Are you able to understand?
Yes.
Clear.
Okay.
Article right to the public services right to public employment. Okay. State cannot deny any opportunity to get into the public services. Public service or the public employment.
So there are three types of reservation.
There are three types of reservation system because employment opportunity reservation although promotional reservations but employment getting into employment you may get certain students types of reservation there are three types of reservation Okay. Vertical reservation horizontal reservation carry forward reservation.
How we call carry forward reservation.
So what is uh vertical reservation?
Vertical reservation for example important Supreme Court in Indra Swani case. Indra Swani case 1992 maximum reservation that is up to 50% only Okay. So, are you clear? Okay. So, what do you mean by horizontal reservation?
Reservation within reservation is called as horizontal reservation. For example, Okay.
already for example.
For example, reservation under article 16 of the Indian constitution that is three types of reservation vertical, horizontal and carry forward. Okay. Now article 17 next article is untouchability.
Okay. Article 17 is on touchability. untouchability already. Okay. It is it is absolute absolute untouchability.
One of the feature of the Indian constitution is that it is against the state. Maximum fundamental right state against but and and none of the fundamental rights are absolute in nature.
Okay.
So, article 17 is both against the state as well as against the individual. Next, article 18 of the titles students titles basically Okay.
Brigadier.
So these are recognitions of your merit and work and should be cherished for the inspirational purpose.
For examp one of the important that is called as article 19 of the Indian constitution.
Article 19 I mean important data part 19 clause one 19 clause 2 clause one gives freedom clause takes freedom simple clauseed article 19 Okay.
So these are certain things. Now coming to by the way uh right to acquire hold and disclose of the property article 191 already 44th amendment act 1978 fundamental right to convert legal right legal right under article 300.
Okay. So what are the fundamental right?
Let us understand. First article is right to freedom of speech and expression. What do you mean by freedom of speech?
Freely among without fear, without interference and choosing the medium of communication also.
Sign language written for you can choose the medium of communication.
Freedom of pressuchi.
Freedom against tapping of the telephone conversation. Okay. Then right to know about the government activity. Right against imposition of presensorship of the newspaper etc. Right to choose the medium of instruction. Right to express gender identity. These are all freedom coming under freedom of speech and expression. Second right to second freedom 191b. Okay. Right to assemble peacefully without arms.
For example, cooperative. Okay.
Under article 191 C then concept is it fundamental? Yes, it is fundamental.
But already it has to be peaceful. Okay.
without arms strike and dhada protest is a part of the fundamental right under right to assemble but without any arms and aminations. Next right to move freely throughout the territory of India without any restriction but inner line permit. This is not a restriction. It is simply they want to document who is coming and who is going out because those areas are sensitive areas in terms of they are having their own culture dominated they are putting certain inner light they need a permit okay otherwise next right to recide and settle down right to recite Right to recor that is called a settle down. So right to reside and settle down is also under article 191E.
Right to practice any profession to carry any occupation trade or any practice subject to license subject to the knowledge also subject to training also. Okay. So these are the things. Next article 20 protection in respect to conviction for an offense.
Conviction for an offensiction 22 protection from arrest. Conviction protection for the person is convicted. Already convicted number one. No expos factor effect. No expostor effect.
Okay.
Especially there are two types of offense generally. One is criminal offense.
Another one is civil offense. Civil offense monetary dispute, divorce, personal laws etc. Criminal offense, cheating etc etc. These are criminal offense. So criminal offense known expos factor is not possible expos factor.
Okay. No double party.
Okay.
Okay.
Already same crime whatever may be the amount of the punishment but the person has got the punishment. So for the same crime there cannot be multiple punishment that is called as no double geop party. Okay.
Next. No selfinccrimination.
So no selfation. One person cannot be a witness for himself or herself.
I'm out of the crime.
So that is all about article 20. Then next is article 21 of the Indian constitution right to life and personal liberty. One of the most important article. Why? Because article 21.
Okay. Supreme.
This is under article 21. Right. Article 21. Right to life and personal liberty.
Right to life and personal liberty.
Personal liberty also. Personal freedom.
Okay.
It is called as right to dignified life.
recently. Why this is important? Because recently Okay. There are two types of one is active. Another one is passive. external drug injured.
the body dead.
Okay. So recently passive.
Okay.
Support system for the first time.
There is a proper procedure expert psychologist.
Best of the best.
drug system.
Okay.
Completely banned in India but passive case to case basis. So that's all about right to life with dignity. Now students procedure established by law and due process of law. Why? Because article 21 the right to life and personal liberty subject to the procedure established by the law means if there is a chance But it is subject to the procedure established by the law of the terrorist.
Okay. So what is procedure established by law?
So procedure established by law there are three concept okay so I'm not authority okay dually appointed as a collector legitimate person. Next. Yes.
categories.cess of concept of considering Yes.
Is it according to the procedure? Is it fair? Is it reasonable? Is it just intention check? So this is a American concept. One is Britain concept, Japanese concept. Another one is American concept. Okay. Due process of law. Next expanding scope of article 21. This is important. Okay. Right to life and personal liberty.
For example, right to liihood 1985 right to health and medical care.
Right to clean environment. Okay.
Question right to clean environmental fundamental right. It is an intrusive fundamental right under right to education right to privacy.
Emergence of the right to privacy already. So there are many right to speedy trade and free legal aid. Then right to digital access, rights of the prisoners. Okay. Then right to then mental health.
This will come under what? Right to life under article 21 of the Indian constitution. Next. Right to education article 216th amendment free and compulsory education.
Next article 22 of the Indian constitution protection against the arrest and detention.
Article 22.
Okay.
Okay.
24 hours. So these are the things under. Okay. Next students. Article 23 of the Indian constitution said 23 and 24 is right against exploitation. Article 23 prohibition of trafficking human beings and forced labor. Okay. Prohibition of trafficking.
It is completely illegal. Okay. and forced labor force labor is also illegal under article 23 of the Indian constitution. Okay. Now similarly uh article 24 is prohibition of child labor. It is specifically child labor.
So child primarily there are two types of industry. One is hazardous industry. Another one is non-hazardous indry. Hazardous industries for examply Now article 25 and 26 students 25 and 20 6 Okay. Article 25 and 26. How do you remember? You can remember by saying is siri it is personal religion. Okay. And 26 institutional religion. Institutional or you have the freedom to choose any religion and propagate and profess any religion.
article 25 right to religion right not to choose also religion if you don't want any religion however forceful conversion of the religion is illegal and unconstitutional These are completely illegal.
Affairs 26. For example, So article 26 freedom of religion at the institution level. Article 25 freedom of religion at the personal level. Okay.
Clear.
Now going going next.
Why this is important? because uniform civil code secular article 25.
Okay. Next.
Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
This is the very best business in India.
Because of this also this India could have been a richest country. So freedom to attend religious instructionucious.
Okay.
But religious instruction.
Okay.
Are you clear or not?
school instruction.
Okay. Now, article 29 cultural and educational rights. Okay. Cultural and educational rights. 29 is protection focuses the rights. It rights of the minorities.
Rights of the minorities to establish and administer education institution.
Minority education institution.
And article 31 right to property. It is no longer a fundamental right. It is being withdrawn.
Article 300.
So that's all about the fundamental right.
Okay. Next students next chapter sorry article 32 of the Indian constitution.
Okay.
Article 32 of the Indian constitution.
What are the reads? Reads fundamental right vi. So reads can be issued in two ways. One go to high court under article 226 or go to supreme court under article 32. So there are total five types of reads.
Types of reads.
HBS corpus.
You may have the body.
Okay.
to help the body. That is a Latin word to see. Mandior court to a public official.
Okay. Next is prohibition. Provision to prohibit certain things to be certified higher court to a lower court either to transfer a case pending with a letter itself of decision. Okay. Supreme Court by what authority? Okay. For example, fake fake habius corpus. Mandavasto prohibition.
These are the most important reads by the Supreme Court as well as high courts to protect the fundamental rights of the citizen. Okay.
Right to property already.
Next. DPS. DPS. Basically students questions say DPS Okay. So DPS directive principle of state policy simple concept directive principle of state policy directives simple concept of state policy.
These are not mandatory. These are only optional. These are not enforcable in the simple concept. Now socialistincely.
Okay. Socialistincism focus.
So society free from exploitations.
Socialism concept related. For example, article 38 of the constitution secure a social order in which justice, social, economical and political self for social.
It has been introduced in which amendment? 42nd amendment 1976.
Next article 39.
The state to direct policy, adequate means of livelihood all citizen, equitable distribution of material resources, prevention of concentration of wealth, equal pay for equal work, social auge and protection of the health and strengthen of the workers and children against the abuse. Okay.
Article 39A 42nd amendment 1976 insert sometimes amendment insert 42nd 39A state to ensure legal system that promotes justice on the basis of equal opportunity to provide free legal aid free legal aid provide 39A article 41 key effective provision for securing right to work.
Right to work is a fundamental right to work should be a fundamental right but but uh uh right to work fundamental right it is only a DPS it is only directive principle of state policies.
Then article 43 it commands the state to secure suitable legislations economic organization living wage related already minimum wage. Yes. So that is article 43 again 42nd amendment acts suitable legislations or any other way to secure participation of workers in the management. Okay.
Socialist principle of the DPS Gandhian principle because philosophy 73rd and 74th amendment 1992 already institution under article 40 article 43 encouragement and promotion of the cottage industries. Okay. Then alonas of 43B 43B promotion of the voluntary formation autonomous function.
Article 46 promote with special care to the education and economical interest of the weaker section of the people.
47 raise the level of nutrition. Okay.
One of the example you can give is that is also implementation under article 47. Article 48 is regard to agriculture sector.
Next, liberal intellectual principles under article 44 uniform civil code.
Okay. So, article 45 compulsory education for all the generals up to 14 years already right to education act 86th amendment act of 2002. Then article 48 to organize agriculture and eliminary on modern society. Article 48 A 42nd amendment insert endeavor to protect the environment. So environmental protection right to clean environment right to clean environment is coming under article 21A of the Indian constitution as a fundamental right. Article 48 environment protection is a part of liberal intellectual principle. 49 article 51 maintain just honorable relations international law respect settlement of internship dispute by any arbitration.
So these are all related to uh mukahib liberal and intellectual policy. Are you clear?
So that's all about DPS directive principle of state policies. Now next fundamental duties. Fundamental duties simply okay article 51 a of the Indian constitution.
Part 4 Amendment 42nd again. 42nd Amendment Act 1976.
Fundamental right to abide by the constitution to cherish and follow the noble ide uphold and protect the sovereignity unity to defend the country.
So to promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood religious linguistic regional sectional diversity practices of derogating to dignity of the humans protect and improve the natural environment including forest lakes and safeguard public property to violence.
to strive towards excellence.
So he is a parent and guardian to provide opportunity for education.
These are all the fundamental duty fundamental duty then main important part is the president of India. So, President of India to 10 minutes.
Okay.
Hello.
It's almost there.
Next important chapter president of India.
Let us have a discussion.
So president of India all of us we know part five of the Indian constitution the union part of India. Okay.
Only prelimsification there of India.
There shall always be the president of India.
President of India vice president will act as a president of India. Okay. Next power of the union shall be vested in the president of India. Executive power.
president of India.
Who is the head of the executive question?
Okay.
Now first of all election of the president election. Number one point. Number two indirect election.
So there is an electoral college. So who are the members of the electoral college? Number one, elected members.
Simple. Okay. Elected members elected MP elected MLS. Okay. State both are same.
For example, member of legislative do not participate participate participate. So question who do not participate? Okay. Who do not participate? Nominated members particip Article 61 value of vote is equals to total population of the state.
divided by total number of elected ML in the state into 100 value of vote of 1 MLA president okay then total value of votes of all divided by total number of MPs of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha divide value of vote of value system.
Okay.
Now qualification simple citizen.
Very good.
30 or 35.
Sure.
Anyway, now what are the conditions? Simple condition that hold office of prophet.
Multiple But they are exempted.
Now terms of office years. Okay. Total five years president 5 years time period consecutive but president n number of times same person now election impeachment what is impeachment Please believe mentle 61. So what is the procedure? procedure.
Okay. Resolution 1/4 of the member of the house that frame the charges. 1/4 member of the housec then once then there will be a separate resolution direct 14.
It is also subject to the speaker discussions both in both the house majority not less than two of the total members of the house total membership total strength of the house not less than two members the president hence impeached chief election.
You are being removed.
Okay, well and good. Simple power.
Executive power. Executive power and ad.
Every sign, every document shall be in the name of the president of India.
President of India.
President shall act in aid and advice of the council of minister headed by the prime minister.
Okay.
For example, legis.
Okay.
especially important. Okay.
Okay. So, and speaker.
So this is the condition.
President.
Okay. So Example.
So these are the powers of the president in regards to bill.
For example, money bill under article 1 bills related to article 1.
Okay.
Are you clear?
I want important power making power.
Article 123 of the Indian constitution.
Difference only the difference is law is made by the parliament. Ordinance is made by the president. Same state law is made by the state assembly and ordinance is by the governor.
There is 123.
Okay. Although the minimum sorry the maximum gap between two sessions shall not exceed 6 months.
So it is well within the bracket limit of 6 months. So it's a very tedious task.
Okay.
Mandatorily present.
6 months.
6 months and 6 weeks. Okay.
It means Clearary.
Okay.
Article 143al and constitutional standpoint clarification because who is the final interpreter of the constitution? Supreme Court of India.
interpret authority speaker. Are you clear? Final interpreter of the constitution overall is supreme court but within parliament it is speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Okay. So binding.
So that is all about power. Pardon power.
For examp one form of the punishment for a lighter form of the punishment.
expecting a baby.
Imprisonment.
Okay.
Head of the state.
He's the supreme commander of the all the armed forces. Okay. Emergency financial emergency. National emergency 352 plus for 356 state emergency.
Okay.
already then position of the president of India already president of India when it is a hung parliament. What do you mean by hung parliament?
H u g h parliament.
Yes.
When no political party enjoys the majority exampard to state legislative assembly. Now that's it for the president.
Next vice president.
Number one point. Number two point. Vice president election is also indirect elections. Okay.
Vice president.
Okay. Clear. Now vice president of India and vice president of America difference.
President Vice President will act as president till a new president is appointed.
America vice president will become president. So this is the difference between vice president of India and America vice president is also chairman of the For example, 3 years eligility.
Removal process and effective majority. What do you mean effective majity?
President majority highest majorities type three right effective majority majority of the effective strength. What do you mean by effective strength?
Effective strength total strength total strength of the house minus vacancy.
Okay.
Effective effective strength.
So effective effective 50% effective clear resolution must be agreed by the simple majorities.
Simple majority definitely vice president of India chairman of the Rajya removed chapter is complete.
Now next prime minister union council minister cabinet 74 and 75 the executive is nothing but council of minister simple students council of minister okay minister the prime minister Minister Article 74 and article 75 key to aid and advise the president of India. There shall be the council of minister headed by the prime minister.
Simple. Are you clear?
So it is considered it is understood the decision of the entire council of minister.
Are you clear? Okay. Now, minister, individual minister, prime minister recommend and president appoint.
Prime Minister recommend clear to council of ministers they are responsible to the locos sabha only.
Council Minister Presidentons.
Why? Because are you clearidence enjoy the pleasure of the president.
remove obviously with the recommendation of the prime minister of India. So these are all related to what related to the council of ministers and etc. Now amendment. Act practical possible right 15% 15% what total strength of the loabren ministers amendment amendment amendment specifically agency okay now that's it all all of all of these things I have discussed next parliament parliament is one of the important chapter Okay.
Underpinnings.
There are two chambers. One is Lok Sabha and one is Rajy Sabha. Lok Sabha is also known as representation of the people.
Okay. And Rajyas Sabha House of the people and Rajyas Sabha is a council of the state. They are representing the state. Now speaker and member of parliament system by the president of India. So this is the composition that is loca directly voting. Okay. So that's it all related to that is also another reason why is known as house of elders comparatively presiding officer Speaker, speakering officering speaker.
Okay.
Because House etc. Election Commission.
Are you clear? Okay. power and function for exampiding.
Next important prom speaker.
Okay.
Okay.
speaker nowan member first time system.
Okay. So that is all about presiding officer. Now I'm Aiba students leader of the house and leader of the opposition.
Leader of the house.
Prime Minister generally prime minister.
Leader of the house. Okay. Sequence.
Member of parliament.
Member of parliament.
with the chief minister. Okay.
Leader of the opposition. Okay. Leader of the opposition, opposition party, office of the leader of the opposition is is very essential because minimumizable number leader of the opposition because for example Nowipit for example for Examplection.
This is the concept of whip.
Is against the freedom of speech and expression? Yes, it is against the freedom of speech and expression.
However, now session terminate adjment signation.
There is no fixed time.
So these are the meaning. Now the minimum number.
Okay. For example, question first of every sitting dedicated for any member to ask any questions. Okay.
Informal period immediately following the question. Important is right attorney.
Now speaker.
Okay.
speakerman.
Now next motion motion students. Motion is a formal proposal made by an MP to initiate a debate.
Debate in member of parliament for Example, substantive motion.
Substantive motive.
For exampidary no confidence motion. What do you mean by no confidence motion? No confidence.
Okay.
Majority Council of Ministers calling attention.
Example clear. So prelims maybe questions.
Now students there are generally two types of bills.
One is another one is special bills. Okay.
Government bills and private bills. Government bills. The bills which are brought by the ministers only not ruling party.
Okay.
There are certain bills which are special in nature. For example, money. Okay.
Article the bills which are related to the consolated fund of India taxes.
Number two, three.
Third number point. Fourth, it is a losing of the confidence.
Fourth point. Fifth point. money bill with certain recommendations.
Same bill with or without changes.
This is the complete system of the money bill. Okay. Clear clause one and so clause three category 1 category two. Okay. So finanus differ are also like general like ordinary bill. They are not like money. Okay. So only to be introduced in the Lok Sabha and only on the recommendation of the president. Financial bill type one which is similar to the process of the money bill but ordinary bill but financial bill type three sorry category 2 basically it can be introduced either of the house of the parliament. Okay. Recommendation for consideration. House of the finated fund of India tax related specifically that is a money bill by the way clear amendment under article 368.
Now budget discuss it is known as annual finan.
So then once then finally in the name of the president finance minister on behalf of the president of India this is the system generally okay now important students funds there are couple of types of funds generally three types of fund go consolidated fund of India okay consolidated bank Fund revenue aspect of India money received and repayment of loan given by the central government fund of India fund of India.
Okay.
Public account fund fund okay fund small saving post office savings scheme judicial deposit remittances public account.
Okay. Then contingency fund contingency fund. Okay. So these are the three types of funds students. These are the comparison consolidated fund of India public account I would say contingency. Okay. Consolidated public account 26612 and public account sorry 267.
By the way authorization students authorization of contingency contingency is it is purely administrated by the president of India under the finance secretary. Clear concept and functions of the parliament list.
So that is all about the parliament of India powers and functions we have already discussed. Okay.
Next prelims point these are important.
Now concept there are parliamentary committee.
Now what do you mean by parliamentary committee?
Parliament.
Nature of the bill is parliament discuss.
Okay. So parliament committees are two types. Standing committee, adoc committee. Standing committees are permanent committee.
Temporary committee standing committee account.
Anyways, public account of the oldest finanction and it is 1921. One of the oldest committee member.
Okay.
Estimate committee. Estimate committee member. All are from.
Okay. Committee on public undertaking.
Again vice member question.
Okay. So departmental standing committee departmental standing committee basically for example each departmental standing committee 21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha.
So departmental standing committee specific department agriculture department finance department defense department 31 member total 21 from Loka 10 from Rajesbad. So this is all about different types of commit. Important important.
Now next chapter important that is called as the Supreme Court of India.
Supreme Court of India.
Why it is important? because recently okay 38 so composition number 38 I Total 38 judges already appointment is by the president of India. Okay. But selection system member Okay. For example, power clearific ification of years for at least 10 years.
Okay.
There is no fixed term up till 65 years.
Max again.
Number one. Number two.
Chief Justice Misbehavior andapacity recently speciality not less than two of the members of the president voting pass then the judge is removed by the president of India appointed by the president removed by the president but with the approval of the parliament so this is the process of the supreme court okay jurisdiction Supreme Court originalist state of India election. Election jurisdiction.
Election jurisdiction under article 32.
Okay. By the way, pre-independence preconstitution treaty.
>> Yes. Interstate river dispute under Interstate 1954 river dispute act.
It will be settled by the tribunals not by the Supreme Court.
Finance commission recommendations the devolution of the finances taxes between center and state. Okay.
Supreme Court.
So that is all about the original jurisdiction. Nexturific.
So under article 139 136 138 137 139 due certificate certific next review. What do you mean by review?
Suppose for example okay beyond review stage there is also another thing that is called as curative petition miscar so these are the jurisdiction of the supreme court of India Clear 143.
Judicial review. Judicial activism.
Judicial resident. Judicial review. The power of the higher judiciary to review any law.
Higher judiciary means high courts and supreme courts. Okay.
Uh judicial review is a basic structure.
It cannot be taken away by the parliament. Now what do you mean by judicial activism? Judicial activism sometimes for the greater good they overstep into the boundary of the executive or the legislature to fulfill the vacuum of justice. So that is judicial activism for the good cause.
judicial restraint. Judicial restraint.
So they basically control themselves and they they avoid giving any judgment on certain circumstances.
So although concept this is more important for the main's point of view but definition prelims point of view. Okay.
Now concept which is called as judiciary overreach judiciary overreach. Judicial activism overstepping the boundary or jurisdiction of the judiciary for better judiciary overstep for for all the bad reason it is called as judiciary over simple concept. Okay.
P is not necessary. Next governor already president governor is appointed by the president.
That means governor enjoys the pleasure of the president. Governor enjoys can be appointed can be removed by the president. One. Second point.
Okay. Then for the union point of view, governor similar role from the state point of view. Is it clear? Okay. Now executive council minister headed by chief minister to aid and advise the governor.
Governor noticing Governor Governor emergency governor recommendation.
emergency it has to be president's role.
Okay.
Governor then chief minister council minister again head of the executive state minister that's it. Okay.
Next chief minister uh state legislature. State Legislature already discuss similar comparison assembly.
25 years.
Okay. By the way, important article 169. Article 169 assembly legislative council.
Clear.
Now students minimum assembly.
For example, because of the population but generally minimum 60 maximum 500 minimum 40 maximum of the total strength of the city assembly minimum maximarction Member members are by local bodies local members by the state legislative assembly 12th member by graduate of three years 12th member 12 by the teachers especially primary secondary level process of the member of council direct of the total strength of the house again duration It is a continuing chamber one member every simple.
Okay.
Simple motion.
similar.
Okay.
Okay.
Tribionals.
Tribals are basically tribals are created by act.
Supreme Courtitution and one of the method is tribunals.
Number one reason. Number two reason they are general. They are not specialized. They are special in law but not in other matters. Suppose financial matter, suppose environmental matter.
to environment.
So this is another reason why tribals are important. Tribunals are nothing but quasi judicial bodies. So students OPIB tribunals interate border dispute and interate riverbed activity you have to remember. Now first of all 42nd constitutional foundation tribunal co- amendment 42nd amendment 1976 article 323 administrative tribunals okay administrative matter jurisdiction there is a separate administrative tribunal similarly details because from the exam point of it might not be so much of importance uh some of the examples of the tribunal like NGT National Green Tribunal, National Company Law Tribunal, okay, Telecom Dispute Settlement Appalent Tribunal, ARM Host Tribunals. These are certain examples of the tribunals which are quasi judicial bodies consumer commission is not so important.
one local. Yes, this is one of the thing is important. Local Indian judiciary system again please remember alternative dispute mechanism.
These are created by statuto bodies.
Okay.
basically the concept of local people's innovative Indian contribution to the local jurisdiction to the level organized periodically by the legal service authorities for the settlement of pending and pre-litigation cases For example, so this is the concept of local. Okay.
Null side of the are not important.
Commercial codes not important.
Next very important Punchadras institution.
Punchadras institution.
Okay.
and 74th Amendment.
By the way, 44.
Okay. Evolution of the Lord Mayo 1870.
RIP resolution. Magna local democracy 1882. Royal Commission on Decentralization 190007, Montego James Reform, local government.
Then government of India 1935.
Then finally, article 40 mandates the state organizing.
Okay. Now, huh. Basically there are certain committees because 1992 73rd and 74th amendment all 19542.
Okay. So there are certain committee.
First committee committee 1997 community development program 1951 onwards.
Okay.
Community development program.
So first committee committee 1977 development program.
Okay.
Okay. Is it audible?
Yes.
Okay.
So recommendation two recommendation.
Then next 1985 GVK district development commissioner then sing committee groups.
Next committee 1985.
Okay.
uh district level.
Okay. Then committee 1988.
Yes.
system.
Okay. Then 1978 block level planning.
Then committee 1984 district level planning as a decentralization.
So finally 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment act 73rd amendment exert 11th schedule.
Okay.
243A.
It's okay.
within a area.
Three tier system election again direct election elected directly by the people all the three level. Okay. at village level elected as per the state specific rule institution 73rd and 74th amendment actific.
Okay. Now uh Elections election commission basis on the basis of the population finance finance Finance.
Okay.
That we understood that grassroot level clear.
There are certain issues also. issues fund functionaries and finance. But is then tomorrow, state forums challenges already challenges analysis. So important.
Next students constitution.
Okay. So all right election commission of India important because election commission We are not preparing for mains examination prelims.
Okay. January 1950 of India directly to ensure free and fair elections is also basic structure of Indian constitution.
Important election is not concerned with the election of the punchhatan municipality.
Municipality Election Commission of State Election Commission.
By the way, Election Commission institutionally single member body chief election commissioner but later body chief election commissioner Election Commissioner. Okay.
Now condition of the service chief election commissioner and election commissioner equal power. Election commission is not subordinate to the chief election commissioner. In fact, chief election commissioner and election commissioners are first among equals.
First among equal removal procedure safeguard can be remove office only in the same manner at the judge.
removal procedure. Okay. So requires a special majority in both the houses. Okay. And misbehavior Remove qualification constitution did not specify the term reappoint. It has not been debarred the retiring election commission from any further appointment.
Now again for example okay Next, UPSC.
Sorry, UPSC, Union Public Service Commission.
Sometimes it is called as unpredictable public service commission.
PS, State Public Service Commission underpinnings.
It is basically all India service civil service recruitment recruitment body.
Similarly, state public service commission public service simple. Okay.
chairman.
So this is the concept of UPSC. Then the president determines the number of the members of the commission.
Presidentification again it is decided purely by the president appointed by the president removed by the president only.
Clearation until they attend 65 years.
Independency and impartiality independency and impartiality removal is highly structured and complex. Typically only on the ground of misbehavior. matter must be referred to the Supreme Court for an inquiry. But generally CCP clear 65 years or 6 years.
Now function of the commission exam condu How Finance Commission Finance Commission is also Constitutional Finance Commission, Financial Recommendation, Financial Recommendation. Basically, Article 280, President of India, CA, Finance Commission within 2 years from the commencement of the Constitution, thereafter expiration every 5th year.
Finance Commission. Okay. Finance Commission basically financial related taxes division between finance between center and state grants finani commission. So chairman.
Okay. Then finance commission.
Next.
GST council not so important GST council chairperson union finance minister member union minister of state in charge of revenue and finance and state members minister in charge of finance or taxes or any other minister nominated by the each state government finance minister member Union Minister of State in charge of revenue or the finance you composition of the what? Uh GST council. Okay.
Next G. Huh. This is important. National Commission for Settlecast.
National Commission for Settlecast.
So what is national commission for settle cast? I already say cast rights protect there is a national commission established and established under article 338. So it is a constitutional position. Okay. So key president to specify through public notification after consultation of the governor of the concerned state the cast race tribes deemed to be schedule cast in the relation to the state cast.
So again national commission for that is the main moto of the settle cast 89th constitution amendment act amendment marked the final stage national commission for settle cast and national commission for settlement 89th amendment act of 2003 3 867 year 202. Very good. Okay.
critical regulation is that chairperson of VC and the operational members term of the three years are not eligible for rement beyond the two terms.
This is done.
Same similar to national commission for settled tribe again discuss.
Okay.
Original National Commission for AC's and STS 1978 NCSC as a constitutional body 1990 and separ NC for separately national commission for tribe article 338A Union Cabinet Minister Rank Vice, Ministry of State and other members in the rank of Secretary.
Next uh National Commission for Backward.
National Commission for Backward 102nd 102 Constitutional Amendment Act of Co. Amendment Act 9th year 2003 backward 102 102 Amendment Act of >> 2018 only active clear. So class commission for backward classes 102 amendment act of 2018 president notification.
Okay. Basically, in regards to the National Commission for Backward Classes, 338 A B. So, 338 338 A 338 B.
So, power function already you know it.
Next.
Chat.
Next. Students.
Special officer for linguistic minorities.
special officer for linguistity.
Okay.
Okay. So protect diversity of India special officer for linguistic minority to be appointed by the president of India. Duty of the special offic blah blah blah blah blah problems directly appoint next control or an auditor general CGonsibility financtor.
So auditor general article 148 C.
Okay. It is a constitutional position.
Most important officer under the constitution of India controller and auditor general similar sorry basically similar and 65 years either 6 years and 65 years and does not hold office of at the pleasure of the president. Removal process is similar to the Supreme Court judges proven misbehavior and incapacity judge election commission and CAG similar concept. Okay. 65 years, 6 years then financial autonomy independently because charge upon consolidated fund of India fund receipt report.
So C directly reports to the President of India. Ciules and responsibility basically.
Now next attorney general. Attorney General of India, solicitor general and advocate general.
Who is an attorney general? Attorney General of the Union General of India sorry of the particular state. Okay. Clear. So attorney general again article 761 president shall appoint the person president appoint enjoy the pleasure of the president of India.
Then uh solicitor general of India, second highest law officer in the country acting as a principal aid to the AGI. Attorney General of India just general of India general of India. Okay.ally Solid conceptually advocate sufficient duties of again discussion clearriv.
practice. They are not hold briefs in any court for any party except the government of India.
Advocate general of India alreadyification.
Must have a judicial officer for last 10 years. Must have been advocate of the high court. Two or more such removal again pleasure of the governor.
Advocate general governor removal.
Governor clear next nonstitutional bodies okay national institution for transforming planning commission it is like a think tank and prime minister governing council. Governing vice chair appointed by the prime minister.
Why this is important? Please remember.
Okay.
NHRC, National Human Rights Commission, State Human Rights Commission. Again, Okay. Eligility chairperson who has been a chief justice of the Supreme Court judge of the Supreme Court. So human rights judge of the Supreme Court chief justice of the high court.
Okay. And the person having knowledge or practical experience in matter relating to human rights out of whom at least one shall be woman protection of child chairperson and the members are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the six member committee.
Okay.
Prime Minister, Chairperson, Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Union Home Minister, Leader of Opposition of Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition of Rajy Sabha, Deputy Chairman of Partition.
So this is the committee chairperson and other members. Clear.
Huh. Next. National Commission for Women. National Commission for Women.
Armo. It is a statuto body by the parliament. National Commission for Women Act 1990. Okay. National Commission for Women Act 199.
Composition. compositionary.
Okay.
And members are hold office for the period of 3 years.
Removal central government.
So this is the system. Same same level.
Okay.
National Commission for Protection of Child Rights. NCPCR NCPCR United National Convention on the Child Rights 1992 Commission. Okay.
A person of eminence who has done outstanding work for promoting the welfare.
fix again.
National Commission for Protection of Child Rights.
National Commission for Minorities.
Okay. National Commission for backward classes. Again, National Commission for Minorities. Minorities. It is again statuto established under national commission for minorities act of 1992.
For example, initially notification institution as well as in normal senses.
Okay.
>> Special officer, huh? Special officer for linguistic minority is a constitutional body.
President directly appointe normal basis, center and state information commissioner commiss, right to information.
Okay.
Disclosure.
Chief Election Chief Sorry, Chief Information Commissioner President.
Next, Central Vigilance Commission. Okay.
Central Vigilance Commission.
Central Commission Central Commission it's not important.
vigilance. Okay. So, commissioner chairperson and not more than two vigilance commissioner. Okay.
Again, prime minister, union minister of home affairs and leader of opposition of opposition important because of this appointment. Now CBI again central bureau of investigation any kind of investigation so objective anti-corruption economical crimes crimes director Director General, Prime Minister, leader of opposition as well, Chief Justice of India, ATCGI important because recently director Okay. So, next locopal and locay. Okay. Locopal and locopal and loc act of 2013.
leader of the single largest opposition party in the Lokaba to be the member of the selection committee in the absence of the recognized leader of opposition.
Single largest party leader selection commie justice judge of the Supreme Court minimum anti-corruption policy public administrations selection Prime Minister, Speaker of the Leader of Chief Justice of India, 25 years.
Okay.
extensive corruption including the prime minister's office prime minister office minister of union all group ABCD officers okay is officer officer jurisdiction now similar major difference state level investigation agency means it relates to anti-terrorism.
Okay. Then uh NDMA National Disaster Management, State Disaster Management already famous Disaster Management Act.
Most probably the next director then this is Not important bar council.
Oh god.
What else?
No, this is not important.
This is also cooperative society is not so important. Contemporary challenges official language briefly official language union of state government official languages now primary official language either Hindi in okay so Hindi is the official language not the national language alternative language language official language.
Okay. Official language uh Supreme Court English and High Court decide primarily English language decision only this much important central government official language Hindi and English state English again English local.
Okay.
Political party.
Okay.
voting methods important electoral reforms not for the prelims.
This is important. Maybe tomorrow.
Okay. Best example recently.
Okay. Now anti-defectionection foreign.
There is a system called as anti-defection law. Okay.
Anti-defection law. 10th schedule of the constitution. 52nd amendment act 1985 strengthened by 91st amendment act of 2003.
102 amendment 91st constitutional amendment act number one.
Okay.
Disqualification provisions do not apply if the members of the original political party merges with another political party. Okay. The merger is deemed to have taken place if only if not less than 2/3 members of the legislative party concerned have agreed to such merger.
This is still controversy.
Then are you clear this is still a controversy but I think so this is the concept anti-defection prevent now it's not so important last important sources of the constitution already.
Okay. comparative framework.
Huh?
students and system of the state elected United Kingdom.
Then sovereign limited parliament limited in nature but house of okay minister status non-member minister till 6 months but only members of the parliament minister. So this is the difference between India and UK. Next, India and US. India and US executive author judicial review.
Supreme Court under Bari versus Madison 1803 case it is evolved judicial review accountability executive faces day-to-day periodical accountability but okay this is a comparison between Americas federal USA which strictly federal Canada federal Australia completely. Okay.
Parliament article 248 USD citizenship single citizenship. America dual citizenship, Canada single citizenship.
Australia single citizenship integrated judiciary integrated judiciary, American integrated judiciary, Australia dual judiciary. Okay. So these are the things important then important. So that is judicial doctrine is not so important prelims point of view. So that is the end of entire Indian polity starting from the what is constitution till last finally comparison of the constitution with the other countries.
Okay. So I think almost and I hope uh I hope you like the Okay. All right. Thank you so much.
Rest.
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