Before diving into the epilepsy research...

[00:00:00]So first up, there's a few basics you need to know. Photobiomodulation or PBM means using low-level red or near-infrared light to change biology.

[00:00:09]Often discussed as affecting the mitochondria and cell signaling. When we apply it to the head, it's called transcranial PBM or transcranial red light therapy, and it's often abbreviated as tPBM. Now, there's a few key terms that you also need to know about. Wavelength, this is the color of light measured in nanometers. Most of the brain transcranial PBM studies use uh 810 nanometers, which is near-infrared, or 1060 or thereabouts nanometers, which is also near-infrared.

[00:00:38]Irradiance, this is measured in milliwatts over centimeters squared.

[00:00:43]This measures how intense the light is at the skin. So, power per area, hence centimeters squared. Fluence or dose, this is measured in joules over centimeters squared, which brings in a time component. It's the total energy delivered per an area multiplied by time. Sham control, this is a fake control treatment designed to feel the same but deliver no real light. This controls for placebo and expectation effects, which is a thing. So, here's the most important point up front.