AIIMS CRE 2026 Pharmaceutics: Size Reduction, Filtration, Drying, Tablets & Capsules

[00:00:04][clears throat] Okay, good evening students. I hope screen is visible to all of you and my voice is clear. Please confirm.

[00:01:11]Okay. So we hope that your preparation for MCR examinations are going really well and in today's class we are going to see some of the important topics from your pharmaceutical subjects where we will be discussing some of the unit operations and tablet and capsule as the dosage form. So I hope you all are ready for solving the questions that we are going to see today. So the very first question is coating used to protect the tablet from acidic environment of the stomach. From the acidic environment of the stomach if the drug is having the property to degrade in the stomach that means acidic pH what kind of coating you will be giving? So option A is film coating, option B is sugar coating, option C is enticed or option D is encapsulation.

[00:02:04]What is your answer? See, you know that film coating will be given if your drug is not stable to the environmental conditions like oxygen and water or the moisture. Sugar coating will be given if your drug is having beta test. Entic coated is the one which will protect your drug from degradation in the stomach and it will release into the intestine. Very good option C. Enticated is the right answer. Remember all the phalates examples are phalates they are your entic coated polymers.

[00:02:41]What is the mechanism?

[00:02:44]So the mechanism of entic coated polymer is the solubility of these polymers is pH dependent.

[00:02:54]That means in the acidic condition they will not get solubilized but the moment they enter into the intestinal conditions they will dissolve. Okay. So that is the mechanism and the examples of the entic coated polymers. Very good.

[00:03:07]Option C is the right answer. Let's move towards the next question.

[00:03:14]Disintegration time for sugarcoated tablet is what is the disintegration time for sugarcoated tablet?

[00:03:25]Options are given 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 and 120 minutes. What is the answer? What is the disintegration time for sugarcoated tablet? Important one.

[00:03:36]What is the answer?

[00:03:43]Yeah, I think some from my batch then I know him. 60 minutes. Very good. Not a it is 60 minutes. Okay, remember how to remember?

[00:03:55]I'll give you the trick also. Remember S S for 60 S for sugarcoated tablets. One more is there that is your soft gelatin capsule.

[00:04:08]So they all are having I mean both of them are having the disintegration time of 60 minutes. Okay. So remember that 30 minutes is for what? Film coated tablets. 60 is done. 90 is not 90 120 that depends upon entic coated tablets.

[00:04:24]Okay. 120 is for the entic coated tablet. So remember this trick. Remember subjulating capsule also disintegration time is 60 minutes. Why it is higher?

[00:04:34]Because whenever you give sugar coating the tablet weight increases by almost 50 to 100%. And it takes time to disintegrate the tablet. That is the reason for sugar coated it is 60 minutes.

[00:04:49]Oh okay fine your mentor ch very good.

[00:04:53]Next question is in which step of sugar coating colorant is added? You will be adding certain colors right? So in which step you will add? Option A is seal coating, option B is sub coating, option C is syrup coating or option D is polishing. Definitely polishing is the final step you will be not adding color.

[00:05:12]Right? So D option is not there. Sub coating or syrup coating. See seal coating we give to protect from moisture and certain kind of barrier. So what should be the answer? Very good option.

[00:05:23]C syrup coating is the right answer. So the colorants are added into this step.

[00:05:28]It is also known as smoothing. Okay.

[00:05:31]Important question. This one my reaction tell me my reaction is related to what? Which ingredient? It is related to diluent binder glidant or disintegrant.

[00:05:44]Important things we are going to discuss regarding this reaction.

[00:05:49]First tell me what is the answer. Duid, binder, glidant or disintegrant.

[00:05:55][clears throat] Very good. Date is the right answer. In that also the specific example is the lactose. Okay.

[00:06:07]Remember not all the types of lactose under goes this reaction. only hydras lactose under goes this reaction. Okay.

[00:06:15]How to remember? If water is present in the lactose that means hydras then it under goes my reaction. If it is nhydrous that means no water molecule that means it does not under go myard reaction. Understood? And it happens due to the presence of perfumehide.

[00:06:36][snorts] It is due to the presence of perfume.

[00:06:43]Clear? All of you? Any doubts? It is not related to binder, glidant or disintegrant. The reaction is because of the dude. Okay.

[00:06:53]Next question is and it happens due to the presence of amino groups containing the drugs amine containing drugs NH2 in the presence of certain kind of steroids. So lactose is generally avoided in the amine containing groups. Okay, remember very good. Oh sorry next question is liophilization is another name of freeze drying kneading or sedimentation.

[00:07:28]What is liopilization? Basically it works on the principle of sublimation.

[00:07:33]Right? It is a drying technique.

[00:07:37]It [snorts] is a drying technique but we are not applying any kind of heat. Okay.

[00:07:41]So whatever moisture is present that will first get converted into ice that means solid and directly from the solid state it will get evaporated.

[00:07:52][snorts and clears throat] So when anything converts from solid to gas without going into the liquid phase we call it as sublimation. So liopilization is based on the principle of sublimation. Okay, remember that and it is known as freeze drying because we uh make sure that whatever moisture is present that will frozen that will get frozen and then the sublimation or the evaporation of the moisture will happen.

[00:08:20]Okay, it is not a tradation. Graduration is the method of mixing, size reduction, kneading is also mixing. Sedimentation is nothing but settling of the particles. Okay, I hope till here it is clear to all of you. Any doubts?

[00:08:36]Next question.

[00:08:39]Uh option B is the right answer for this one. And one more thing only remember that disadvantage for liophilization is that it takes many hours uh time is required for the entire process of the liophilization. That is the only thing like a disadvantage for the liopilization. Okay. So as you know that you can give the AMC exam test on the GDC classes app. Please make sure that you utilize all the things download the GDC classes app and you can give the test. Okay. So the next color next question is vitamin tablets are generally formulated as hypodermic tablets, sublingual, effervescent orchable tablet. See hypodermic means below the skin layers. Okay. They are formulated as tablet but during administration you have to reconstitute and give sublingual means below the tongue. Sub means below lingual means tongue. Ferrer and tablet are tablet they forms the solution and they release the carbon dioxide because of the presence of weak acid like citric and the tyic acid. Very good option D. Chable tablet is the right answer. Remember which sweetener we are using in the chable tablet.

[00:10:04]This is also important. Which of the following sweetener is utilized in the formation of chable tablet? That is your manitol. Okay. The reason is that manitol is having negative heat of solution.

[00:10:19]Negative heat of solution means it will give cooling sensation.

[00:10:24]And because of this property it is widely used in the chi by tablets. Very good. Very good. Mantor is the right answer. So next question. So here option D is the right answer.

[00:10:38]In the tablet coating process inadequate spreading of the coating solution before the drying before the entire drying happens. There is a inadequate means insufficient coating solution is present. What that effect is known as orange peel effect, lamination, roughness, none of these.

[00:10:58][clears throat] See roughness means it is not about the solution. It is about some surface is not smooth. Option C is not there. Lamination is the defect of the tablet not about the coating. When the tablet has been removed in terms of layers, I told you earlier also L for lamination, L for layers of the tablet.

[00:11:19]Right? So it is not a coating defect.

[00:11:21]Lamination is a tablet defect. So it is a orange peel effect because it looks like something is peeled off and it resembles orange peel. That is the reason this is known as orange peel effect. Okay. Very good option is the right answer.

[00:11:38]Next question is tablet gravity testing.

[00:11:41]The drum is rotated 50 times, 200 times, 100 times or 70 times. So you know that uh probability test we are doing for the tablets to see that whether uh during the transport during the handling how much of the uh shock and everything it can withstand right. So for that reason we do we do the probability test you know provability tester is there parameter is there so that this is a drum right and it will the tablets will fall at a distance of 6 in every time.

[00:12:21]C is the right answer. Very good. So please remember whether they are asking total revolutions or whether they are asking you RPM. If they are ask you in terms of RPM, it is 25 RPM.

[00:12:38]And the drum is rotated for 4 minutes.

[00:12:41]So total revolutions becomes 100. Okay.

[00:12:48]25 RPM 4 minutes. Very good. So that you please make sure whether they are asking RPM or total revolutions. Okay. Next is the first stage of wetting on addition of a granulating fluid or the agent to the powder. It is characterized by which of the following? Capillary, pendular, ficular or droplet. The first stage we have remembered with the trick also.

[00:13:14]The criteria for the probability are here 1%.5%. Yes, very good. For this remember the trick you know after the completion of whatever the uh tenure is there like at the age of 58 when you get retired you get the PF amount right? So you remember that only PF you have kept in the into the CD. So P for pendula I'm writing short form here. F for fumicula, C for capillary and D for droplet. So these are the first, second, third and fourth stages as soon as you add the granulating fluid. Okay, PFCD. Very good. So option B because they're asking the first stage of the first stage of the wetting. Okay, so option B is the right answer. Very good.

[00:14:07]Remember the other steps also. Okay.

[00:14:09]Next question is dissolution test apparatus type seven USPS basket paddle reciprocating holder all of these.

[00:14:29]You know basket is type one, paddle is type two, reciprocating holder is type seven. Right? It is not all of these.

[00:14:40]Ah yes PFK pesos CD very good you can remember any trick as I told you nobody's going to ask you how you remember okay very good option C is the right answer reciprocating holder next question is remember all of them okay we have already discussed about different resolution apparatus as well which of the following is a binder important you should know the examples of diluent bind there are some examples which can act as a binder, which can act as a tuent everything but specific examples are there you have to remember. Okay.

[00:15:16]Which of the following is a binder?

[00:15:18]Lactose, acacia, steric acid or colloidal silica.

[00:15:25][snorts] So we have already discussed what is lactose. Lactose is your diluent.

[00:15:31]Aacia is a binder. Okay. Aacia everything. So B is the right answer.

[00:15:36]What is steric acid or magnesium steroid, aluminium steroid? They are your lubricants.

[00:15:45]Do not get confused between the examples of lubricants and glidants. Okay, gliders are this colloidal, silica or aerosil, cabosil, seal seal words are there. They are your glidance.

[00:15:59]Okay.

[00:16:01]Yes. Lactose show milard reaction in in the earlier one we have discussed in that also hydra lactose will show the myard reaction. Okay. Very good option B is the right answer.

[00:16:14]Next question is final step in sugar coating process and carried out to impart shiny distinctive appearance to a tablet is known as.

[00:16:25]Basically they are asking what is the final step in the sugar coating? Option A smoothening. Option B is color coating. Option C is polishing. Option D is printing. Smoothing is nothing but syruping. Okay? Because that gives the smooth texture to your tablet. What is the answer for this one already discussed the last step is the polishing. Okay, very good option is the right answer. In the process of sugar coating, smoothening first then color coating, polishing and printing. Next is hazing or dull film defect is also known as bloom, sub coating, castor oil or polishing.

[00:17:11]Remember hazing or dull bloom effect that is the defect of the tablet coating not the tablet itself. Okay. So option A is bloom. What it is known as? when your tablet after the coating is still having some dull appearance or something is there. Okay. And that can happen because of the plasticizer amount which is present in the coating. And that is the reason you have to optimize the plasticizer concentration. Very good.

[00:17:36]Bloom not polishing. Okay. Bloom is the right answer.

[00:17:41]Usually because when high concentration and low molecular weight plasticizer we are using. Okay. So these are the some of the reasons where you can get the dull effect which is known as gloom.

[00:17:53]Next question is according to IP tablet according to IP tablet weight greater than 250 mg should have the weight variation of 5% 10% 15 or 20%. I always say that remember higher the weight of the tablet lesser is the variation allowed.

[00:18:16]I mean lesser the weight variation around whether it is IP whether it is USP if the tablet weight is higher then the allowed percent deviation is less less as in you have three 5 10 15 in that least is the 5% okay so [snorts] remember very good option a 5% is the right answer remember this very clearly because I know that students remember the uh numerical values use this also you will remember but where you will get confused is this because I once got confused like whenever I was giving exam students then think that is was it 5 10 7.5 or 10 7.5 and 5 okay they remember everything 80 to 250 mg then 130 to 324 according to USP according to USP little bit higher tablet wid they have taken remember US currency is also So higher so it is higher than I but this you do not get confused remember lesser the weight of the tablet higher is the deviation allow okay very good option A 5% is the right answer next question is a super disintegrant in tablet formulation is option A sodium starch glycolate option B is starch option C is PVP that is your polyphenile pyrolidon and option D is magnesium ium aluminium silicate.

[00:19:52]What is the answer?

[00:19:54]Very good. Option A that is your sodium starch glycolate which act as the super disintegrant in the tablet. And apart from SSG you also have one more example that is your cross caramel sodium. Cross caramel sodium. Okay. Very good. Next question is capsule in which powders are enclosed. Capsule in which powders are enclosed. They are made up of gelatin, rice flour, fructose or dextrus.

[00:20:28]SSG names, primog explo these are the not other you can say trade names are there. Okay.

[00:20:36]Capsule in which powders are filled.

[00:20:39]They are made up of what? Gelatin, rice flour, fructose or dextrose. Remember there are two sources. First is the non-vegetarian source that is your gelatin right because it is obtained from depends pork skin if it is type A gelatin or if it is your type B gelatin then green bones are there okay but gelatin is a non-vegetarian source of the uh I mean non-vegetarian source dry and you have vegetarian capsule also which is made up of starch hpmc and so on. Okay. But as of now option A, very good. Gelatin is the right answer. Next question is the plasticizer used in capsule shell is silicon, glycol, easter, talc or glycerum. Remember the use of plasticizer is hctin.

[00:21:29][snorts] Humin. Human gives the softness to the capsule shell.

[00:21:38]And that is the reason as you increase the plasticizer amount with respect to gelatin like that ratio you might 4 / 1 6 / 1 8 / 1 where this represents plasticizer and this represents your gel or this is okay. So as you increase the amount of plasticizer what will happen the softness will increase. So this is hard medium and this is soft. Okay. And apart from uh glycerol there are other plasticizers.

[00:22:17]Examples are sorbital glycerol [snorts] is one propylene glycol polythine glycol 400 600 and so on. Okay remember. So these are various examples of the plasticizer.

[00:22:32]Yes, you make it will retain the moisture but in this case not like a moisture but it will act as a softness.

[00:22:39]It will give little softness to the capsule.

[00:22:42]Next question is sealing of capsule is achieved by heating at 100° 20 37 to 40 or 70° polymers. Okay. Next, sealing of capsules because 100° CC is very high, right? So, 100° C, 20 is not even heating. 70 is also high. So, 37 to 40°. Sure, very good option. C is the right answer.

[00:23:21]Iso electric pH of type B gelatin is. So you let me know the answer. Meanwhile, we'll discuss what is isoctric point.

[00:23:30]Iso means what? Same.

[00:23:34]Electric means what?

[00:23:36]Charge.

[00:23:40]So isoelectric point that point is nothing but the pH where your gelatin will have the same charge. Iso electric point. Right? And you have type A gelatin and you have type B gelatin. Remember for type A gelatin the isoelectric point lies in the basic region which is 9. For type A gelatin for type B gelatin the isoctric point lies in the acidic region which is 4.7.

[00:24:10]Okay.

[00:24:13]Yes.

[00:24:15]That means the charge is balanced. Okay.

[00:24:17]So here option D is the right answer.

[00:24:19]4.7. If they ask type A you write it is N. Okay.

[00:24:25]Very good option. This is the right answer. The next question is the approximate moisture content of a hydulating capsule in normal condition is there is a limit that this much percentage of moisture should be present. If it is present higher then it will not have any flexibility. It is if it is if the moisture is present in a lesser concentration then your capsule shell will become brittle. That is the reason there are certain limitations given. So option A is 3 to 6%, option B is 12 to 16. Option C is 20 to 25 or 7 to 10%.

[00:25:03]See for hard gelatin option B is the right answer. Very good. 12 to 16%, not 20 to 25. 12 to 16% for hard gelatin.

[00:25:12]For soft gelatin it is 6 to 10%. Okay.

[00:25:18]Very good option. B is the right answer.

[00:25:20]Ch. Next question.

[00:25:23]In capsule, rotofill is used for filling of what? Powders, pellets, liquids or corrosive liquids.

[00:25:41]In the rotoill we feel what? Powders, pellets, liquids or corrosive liquids.

[00:25:48]For liquids there is a qualine li for liquid li for quali right so option B pellet is the right answer that is the rotoy ch very good next question which treatment is used for the solubility of the gelatin heating formaline alcohol or water treatment.

[00:26:13]So to increase the solubility of the gelatin we are using formalin treatment.

[00:26:18]We are giving formaline very good option B is the right answer. So formaline treatment is given to modify the solubility of the gelatin. Right? And whatever the solubility is there that will be decreased in the film.

[00:26:36]Okay. Which substances can't be administered in the capsule. So you know that because capsule it is like once the shell has been released whatever the material is present that will be released at once right. So there are certain limitations that certain kind of substances we cannot give into the capsule. What is the reason for that?

[00:27:00]Because if you give KCL, KBR, ammonium chloride, all of these. So these all are the salt and they are very soluble in water right because salts are soluble in water. The moment your capsule will burst it can release at once and it will give the irritation and that is the reason we cannot use KCL, KBR, ammonium chloride these kinds of salt into the capsule. Okay, very good option D. All of the above is the right answer. Ch.

[00:27:28]Next question.

[00:27:30]Pork skin is used for the preparation of which type of gelatin? Just now we have discussed there are two types of gelatin. Okay, raw gelatin. Type A and type B. Type A is obtained from pork skin and type B gelatin is obtained from the green bones. Green as in fresh bones. Okay. So what is the answer?

[00:27:52]Very good. Gelatin A is the right answer. That is obtained from the pork skin. already discussed what is the A is acid precursor treated or acid treated and B for base or alkaline you remember okay and remember the isoctric point for type A it is 9 and for type B gatin it is 4.7 very good option A is the right answer next is among the following which is the largest size of the capsule remember the sizes of the capsule starts from triple0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 triple0 being the largest and size 5 is the smallest. I think everyone knows that right?

[00:28:39]But here see triple0 is not there but we have 0 0 1 and 2. If triple0 is there then triple0 is the largest but here 0 is there. So option D is the right answer. Why size 0 is there? size 0 is greater than size zero. Okay.

[00:29:00]So we'll discuss this one. So this is very easy. You can also remember.

[00:29:06]So 950 you remember 950 minus 300 then you can do minus 200 - 150 and then 5050 you have to do.

[00:29:20]Say this is 50 only 300 minus 200 150 just remember the first digit that is your 950 and then you you just have to subtract the number 300 200 150 that's it and afterwards 50/50 this is in terms of mg okay that particular capsule size can have how much that particular capsule can feel how much mg of powder material okay And obviously this is not the what you say 250 as in 250. It also depends upon the bulk density. Okay. But consider that the density is one. Whatever is the mass that much is the volume. Then you can feel this much mg. Okay. And this also you can remember easily. Say for example one is there you divided by two like half. So that becomes 0.4 2 into 2. So that is four. But everything is in point. Okay. So 4 this is 3. It is 0.3.

[00:30:21]Again you do half. This is half. This is half. Then remaining is what? This is five. This is 0.15. This one is very easy as compared to this 1.35 0.95 and 0.75.

[00:30:35]Revise it you will get. Okay.

[00:30:38]Again and again you revise it you will get. Okay. So triple0 is the largest. If triple0 is not there in the option go for d0. If 0 is not there zero. Likewise you have to count out okay which one is the largest. Remember this is the largest and like this it is coming down to the smallest size of the capsule.

[00:30:57]This is in ml this is in mg. Okay.

[00:31:02]Next question is temperature of solution during dipping is. Now what they talking about dipping? Dipping means they are preparing hard gelatin empty capsule.

[00:31:13]Okay. For that you will be using gelatin solution. Generally 6% they are using gelatin solution. Now what happen is you have to give certain temperature to the gelatin solution. If you do not give temperature to the solution it will get solidified because capsule shell are solid at room temperature. That is the reason whenever the molds these molds are there right like this how it is this molds will be dipped into the dipping solution and to make sure that the solution remains in a liquid form we have to give the temperature like throughout the process the dipping solution should be kept at around 50 to 60° and then only it will coat to your mold and after that you have to dry then seal everything the joining process and all but as of now what is the temperature see at 20 at 10 and at 5° C it will become solid your gelatin solution will become solid and that is the reason you cannot give the temperature which is below the room temperature so it is 50° C is the right answer next question is this two things important temperature of the past should be ly do otherwise what will happen this is a solution which is at 50°C even if this is at 50°C then it will not even stick to the pins and that is the reason in order to stick the solution to the molds or to the pins it should be at room temperature so this is 22° C and the solution should be 50 to 60°C more specifically 50 and you should keep only for 12 seconds otherwise very thick layer you will If you keep for a longer period of time or if you keep for a lesser period of time, you will not get the proper film. Okay.

[00:33:15]So, next question is dryer used for the production of milk is a spray dryer. Already given the answer.

[00:33:24]Very good. Spray drying is a technique.

[00:33:25]It is a liabilization. Not like a lilization. It is a technique of converting a liquid into a solid. Okay.

[00:33:32]So option C is the right answer that is the spray dryer.

[00:33:38]Next question is viscosity of gelatin in capsule manufacturing. It is a measure of what does this viscosity? It is directly rel related to what? It is a measure of softness. It is a measure of hardness, cohesive strength or molecular chain length. What is the answer?

[00:33:59]Yes, very good. that is about the molecular chain length. Remember cohesive strength is related to the bloom strength of the gelatin. Higher the cohesive strength, higher will be the bloom strength. Cohesive means force of attraction between similar molecule.

[00:34:15]And cohesive strength or the bloom strength is directly proportional to the molecular weight. But if it is about the molecular weight, now I am talking about the molecular chain length. Okay, these two are different. If they're talking about the chain length, then that is your viscosity. Okay, and what is the ideal value of viscosity of the gelatin?

[00:34:41]What is the ideal value? That is 25 to 45 millise. Okay, millie, not centy, not poise, not centistos, nothing. 25 to 45 millipoise is the ideal value of the viscosity 25 to 45. Okay. And there are three important specifications of the gelatin. First is your bloom strength.

[00:35:06]Second is the viscosity. Third is the ion content of the gelatin. Ion content of the gelatin should be less than 15 ppm. I'm this discussing this because in upcoming slides the questions are not there related to this. So remember Iron Content of the gelatin should be less than 15 ppm.

[00:35:27]25 to 45 m is the viscosity ideal viscosity of the gillatin. Understood?

[00:35:34]Clear? All of you? Remember from this 15 I also remember that whenever we will talk about the aerosol containers there the pressure it should withstand 15 psi that pressure your glass container.

[00:35:49]Okay. Likewise, you should be able to relate to all those points. Okay. So, as of now, D is the right answer. Again, I'm telling if it is a molecular weight, then that is your bloom strength. If it is a molecular chain length, that is your viscosity. CH. Next question.

[00:36:06]The question came viscosity range of gelatin cost of gelatin capsule is 25 to 45 po 25 to 45 millise 25 to 60 po 30 to 60 cent poise.

[00:36:24]Yes very good. Not more than 15. Yes.

[00:36:27]Very good. So 25 to 45. See this much range is given but ideally the manufacturer keeps the viscosity at 37 around 37 millise. Okay. Even though this much big range is there 25 to 45 but ideally manufacturer as in whoever is preparing gelat in the process and all they try to keep it at 37 m but 25 to 45 is fine.

[00:36:56]Uh this we did not discuss 150 to 250 gram should be the bloom strength.

[00:37:00]Remember the unit for bloom strength is gram. The unit for viscosity can change depending upon whether it is chyntic viscosity. It can be millipo centipoise anything. Right? But blue strength the unit is always grams. Okay.

[00:37:18]In of 15 to 25 cps. Very good. That is I think for of you are talking about the preparation. Very good. Ch. Next question is indicate the example of pneumatic dryer. Drum dryer, fluidized bed dryer, spray dryer or freeze dryer.

[00:37:36]Pneumatic.

[00:37:38]Why everybody? Option C is there. Now pneumatic spray and flash dryer. These two are there under your pneumatic.

[00:37:50]This is from the engineering basically.

[00:37:52]Okay. So the next is factors affecting size reduction include all of the following except that means the size reduction does not depends on one of these factor that is stickiness, softening temperature, hardness or subdivision.

[00:38:12]What is the answer?

[00:38:14]It depends upon the stickiness.

[00:38:16]Obviously if the material is sticky there is difficulty in doing the size reduction softening temperature because there are chances the material may become soft elastic plastic and everything hardness again if the material is very hard it is difficult to do the size reduction. So very good it does not depend upon what is the property like sublimation and all. So option D is the right answer.

[00:38:42]Next question is the limits of se number for coarse powder is se 10 x 44 22x 65 44x 85 or 120 remember lesser the se number I'm talking about number se number greater is the particle size lesser the se number greater is the particle size and here coarse powder means it is having higher particle size so your option A is the right answer Very good. That is se number 10 by 24.

[00:39:14]10 indicates that all the particles should pass from that se number 10 and less than 40 should pass from the se number 44. Ch. Next question.

[00:39:27]Very good option is the right answer.

[00:39:29]Very good. You guys are doing really well preparing well for the exam and keep going. Okay. Ch. The process of grinding a substance to a very fine powder is known as lagation, masseration, sublimation or trauration.

[00:39:49]What is the answer? I just want to know.

[00:39:51]You might get confused between in these two option.

[00:40:04]>> [clears throat] >> Tell me ah I knew that here you will get confused between navigation and ruration. See masseration is a process of extraction where you keep the material with amount of a liquid and for a certain period of time and you have to keep changing the liquid that is your meration. So definitely meration is not there. Next is your sublimation.

[00:40:28]Sublimation means it is a conversion of solid to gas. So it is not there.

[00:40:32]Trauration is the right answer. Now let me tell you why not lvigation. Because in the navigation it is a size reduction. Absolutely it is a size reduction but we use certain amount of liquid for the size reduction. It is a wetting wetable process not the dry one.

[00:40:48]But here they did not say anything. So it is a grinding process. So option Duration is the right answer. Okay. So I hope you have understood why it is not leation. Clear?

[00:41:02]Yes. Yes. In M Massation we keep it for 7 days right or more depends no problem no problem even if it is wrong but make sure that you won't get confused afterwards okay which of the following works on the principle of compression or nipping tumbling mean hammer mill roller meal or fluid energy me which of the following is a works on the principle of Compression or nipping. Very easy. We have discussed earlier that is your roller mill. It is like compression means how your dice and punches are there. Right? See you are applying optimum force. That is the reason you are getting tablet. But what if you increase the force the tablet will be crushed right? So even that is a particle size reduction. So that is a cooperation. In the roller wheel two rollers are there. One will rotate clockwise, another will rotate anticlockwise. The material will come here and it will get compressed right before coming. So that is the reason it is known as compression.

[00:42:11]Fluid energy meal the principle is impact and attrition. For the fluid energy meal, it is impact and attrition.

[00:42:20]For fluid energy meal and also for the ball meal, the principle is impact and attrition. For hammer mill it is impact only impact.

[00:42:32]Tumbling mill is nothing but your ball mill. Okay. Tumbling mill is nothing but your ball mill. So this also works on the principle of impact and attration.

[00:42:41]Clear all of you. You should be able to know all of them. Okay. Very good. Very good. Fluid energy meal, hammer meal.

[00:42:47]Very ch I think the questions will be there upcoming in this related to this one. Ch. The working principle of ball meal is just now we have discussed impact impact and attrition. Attrition crushing remember threshing and compression is same. Okay. Crushing happens even in the crushing and shearing is same. Uh that happens in the colloidal meal. Attrition happens in the fluid energy mill also in the ball mill or tumbler mill also.

[00:43:19]Impact happens in the fluid energy mill.

[00:43:22]Ball mill and hammer. Impact means what?

[00:43:25]When the material strike to the surface then there will be a size reduction. We call it as impact. Attrition means the particles roll over each other causing a friction and because of friction if the particle size reduction happens we call it as attrition. Clear all of you? Yes.

[00:43:43]Very good option B is the right answer for the ball mill.

[00:43:48]Next is specification for nominal aperture size of 180 micrometer corresponds to that was from the previous table. What is the answer? Sie number 60, se number 44, 85 or se number 100.

[00:44:08]Very good. 85 is the right answer that corresponds to the 180 micrometer.

[00:44:13]Remember this is a table and this is also very easy. See 10 you just have to keep double. 10 into 22 22 into 10 into 2 is 20 but approximately remember 22 22 into 2 44 approximately 88 but 85 and then 120. So this is easy you can remember here also 44 60 85 and 120. This is fine. This is 85 85 120 120 44 44 in between you add 60. So like that if you revise this table also you will get okay. Next is which of the following law is not not related to size reduction. Picks law, kicks law, bonds law or recting's law which is not related to the size reduction.

[00:45:12]We all know that kicks law is there which tells you that basically this all laws will tell you that the energy which is required for size reduction is proportional to some of the other factor. Say for example in the kicks law the energy which is required is proportional to the crack length. Here bonds sorry in the bonds law it is about the crack length. In the kicks law is the new specific surface area which is produced. Reta's law is about the radius. Fix law is not for the size reduction. Pix law is for what? Can you tell me?

[00:45:46]Yes. Fix law is for the diffusion. Pix law is for the diffusion. Noise with the equation is for the dissolution. Clear all of you remember option A is the right answer.

[00:45:59]Next question. Which type of meal is used for grinding sulfonomide?

[00:46:03]Now this is a direct question like there is no like concept very good ball me cut me hammer me these are not used for the sulfuromide here fluid energy is used for antibiotics and the reason is that there is no attrition there is no like friction in like ball me and all so the components which are sensitive we go for the fluid energy meal Remember the principle, remember if any kind of variant is available. Okay, we will discuss that. Okay, the question came. So, hardening mill is a variant of rotary cutter mill, ball me, hammer mill or fluid energy wheel.

[00:46:54]Remember the trick for this is hardening me is a variant of ball mill. Okay, hardening mill is a variant of ball mill. So remember ball is hard.

[00:47:06]So hardening mill is a variant of ball.

[00:47:08]Variant are nothing but they they works on the say for example hardening mill it is like a ball mill with some variation little bit some grooves will be there certain kind of little bit variation will be there but the principle will be same impact and attrition.

[00:47:26]Very good option B is the right answer.

[00:47:28]Next question. See here it is given cutter mill it is double runner disc mill single runner disc mill roller mill sometimes variant and the main equipment has little similarity in the terms of names but they won't ask you this question hammer mill remember hammer mill fits communicating machine stokes tornado ball mill hardening mill fluid energy mill is centrifugal impact pulverizer and pin mill is micro ACM and kilob Fitz Fitzpatrick is for the hammer. Very good. Remember these meals are important. Okay.

[00:48:08]Next question is hammer mill works on the principle of just now we have discussed it works on what which principle impact attrition cutting or cooperation.

[00:48:19]So basically hammer me works on the principle of only impact their attration is not there. Okay. Because the particles will not roll over each other.

[00:48:29]The particle size is cheaply reduced in fluid energy mean by basically what is the principle of fluid energy mean?

[00:48:38]So we know that see in the fluid energy mean from the downside whatever compressed air is coming right. So the particles are striking to the surface also and it is striking towards each other also right because of the compressed air and that is the reason both are there.

[00:49:01]So that is the impact and accession.

[00:49:03]Very good option B is the right answer.

[00:49:05]The next question is a powder of which all particles pass through se number 120 is said to be moderately coarse powder, moderately fine powder, fine powder or very fine powder.

[00:49:23]Save number 120. Higher the number of se number lesser is the particle size. So it is very good option. Very fine powder is the right answer. Remember moderately fine is 44, 85 and 120. Okay.

[00:49:40]Cyclone separator is used for as the name suggest once you do size reduction.

[00:49:47]You cannot ensure that all the particles are of that size. Right? You need certain equipment to separate the particle size which has been reduced.

[00:49:56]Right? So it it is nothing but cyclone separation that is a size separation because from earlier see it is not a drying equipment distillation evaporation right very good this is the right answer next question freeze drying is based on the principle of see these all question as little we have discussed in the earlier one so I'm taking but if you have doubt do let me know okay so freeze drying is nothing but what sublimation The water which is present will get frozen first solid and then it will get directly converted into the gaseous state. So because you are not applying any kind of heat it is useful for the heat sensitive materials. Option is the right answer.

[00:50:43]Very good.

[00:50:47]Centrifugation.

[00:50:49]Very good. Yes. Next is liquid liquid extraction is an alternative to one of the following unit operation.

[00:50:56]Centrifugation, distillation, evaporation or filtration.

[00:51:02]So as you know that distillation where we also separate two comp two solvents which are missible with each other right. So it is nothing but like a liquid liquid extraction. So option B distillation is the process. But the only thing is that they should differ in their boiling point. When we talk about the distillation, which of the following product is manufactured by evaporation process, blood plasma, enzymes, penicellin, all of the above?

[00:51:34]Yes, very good. All of the above is the right answer. Prepared by the evaporation process.

[00:51:42]Which evaporator gives porous product suitable for conversion to granules?

[00:51:48]Vacuum evaporator film dry falling film.

[00:51:51]Remember porous as in it should have certain kind of airy kind of thing. And this you will get in the which type of evaporator.

[00:52:11]Very good. Vacuum evaporator.

[00:52:15]Again vacuum evaporator is used for uh the heat sensitive material because in vacuum what happens is you reduce the temperature of whatever the solvent is there. Right? So instead of boiling at higher temperature it will boil at or it will evaporate at lesser temperature.

[00:52:31]Okay. Filtration is similar to the streamline flow of a liquid under pressure through capillary and this is given by d equation coenic ar equation po equation or dton's equation I always say that instead of asking the big big formulas they ask you the application which is important that this formula is for what purpose okay so like that you remember option cial equation is the right answer remember dis equation is flow of fluid is Oure equation is the answer and cosenic equation is about the fluid dynamics. The both are there in the flow of fluids. Okay.

[00:53:11]Next is in the process of extraction ethanol is used as solvent for what purpose? Basically whenever you are using solvent for extraction we have to make sure that the substance should get solubilized into that particular solvent. So for what purpose we are using?

[00:53:31]Very good. It should get solubilized.

[00:53:33]The alkoids are there, right? Sucrose is water soluble. It will not get waxes, gums will not get solubilized. Right? So alkaloids are something which are soluble into the alcoholic solvents. So ethanol or methanol both are there. Okay. Now okay already discussed someone this question but still the extraction process where powder crew drug is kept in contact with suitable solvent for a suitable period of time peration decoction meration or reserve percolation. When you keep a crude extract with a solvent for a longer period of time and then when you keep changing the solvent this process is known as masseration. This process is known as masseration. Option C is the right answer. Next is already discussed stokes tornado mill. It is a variant of rotary cutter mill, ball mill, hammer mill or fluid energy wheel.

[00:54:47]where you read this one.

[00:54:50]First of all, congratulations that you got the MBA in your NIPER admission.

[00:54:58]Follow the rules.

[00:55:02]Let's see what happens. And I hope the decision will be in your favor, guys.

[00:55:07]And don't worry about this afterwards you can do whatever you want to do right if there are certain rules and regulation for some purpose they are meant right so once it is done then you can do whatever you want and uh ah exactly I mean there are certain rules which are meant right so it's okay that gives you little discipline in yourself maybe for a change you can keep A is the right answer. What is the right answer? We haven't discuss yet. Stom is a variant of thanks for correcting. What is the answer for this one?

[00:56:04]Why? What did you discuss now? Stokes cornado corn I'm telling Stokes mill it's a variant of hammer mill okay see about the cutter mill now you will see disc mill runner mail these are your cutter mills okay cutter runner sounds similar stoke tornado fits pattern is the hammer mill okay tornado hammer it I don't know find some similarity in between them okay very good I hope you have understood the questions from your sutics as well as engineering and see you all in the next upcoming AMC series and till then thank you so much all the very best for your preparations if you do not have doubts I'll wind up the class keep preparing well for the examination from your answers I can see that you have prepared well all the live classes and everything is going on on the channel itself so please make sure that you Follow all the whichever exam you guys are preparing for. Give your best in the examinations and see you all in the next class.

[00:57:16]Yes, Rana, I think your name is Rana only. I think so. So I think ah we are all from we were all from the same.

[00:57:28]Okay. Thank you. Thank you so much.

[00:57:32]All the