Human geography has evolved through distinct paradigms: the non-paradigmatic phase (ancient to premodern) lacked defined subject matter; the dual parametric phase (1859-1950s) featured environmental determinism vs possibilism; the monoparadigmatic phase (1950s-1972) was dominated by quantitative revolution's nomothetic approach; the multiparadigmatic phase (late 1970s-1980s) included behavioralist, humanist, and radicalist approaches; and the contemporary phase features accommodationist environmentalism as the dominant paradigm. Understanding these paradigm shifts is essential for UPSC geography preparation as they provide the theoretical framework to answer both Paper 1 and Paper 2 questions.
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Monday | 11:45 AM | Perspectives in Human Geography | LIVE by Pranjal Sir | Don’t Miss!
Added:Good morning friends. Welcome back to our geo navigator 300 plus program for mains 2027 and 2028. This is a program foundation course of all the important NCRTs old and new and the case of our basic standard books for the domain of what geography option you are good to go to what attend the classes of this particular course you focus will be on what focus will be on a quick revision from the perspective of your High ROI topics at the same time starting from the watershed year of 2009 onwards latest as well as we are sharing on the telegram channel enrolled students the case of important answers model answers of previous year students as well as perfect important discussion or discussion is of the case of perspectives in human geography perspectives important theme fundamental theme for your entire preparation of what human geography in particular and geography in general widespread application we are short of words. We are short of what keywords important vocabulary important root keyword Please let me know whether I'm visible and audible to you all so that we can what start ahead.
Perfect.
Perfect. So now moving ahead we have the case of what the case of our perspectives perspectives why it is important and why we have to what focus on this because these are the 10 to 12 themes which are mentioned in our what the topic of perspectives about perspectives is not applicable in this particular unit also but in the entire topic of human geography paper one part B as well as in the 85% of human geography of paper two we will see paper generic questions how we can make them geographical through the use of our perspective knowledge on an average what you can what consider and what you can have is the case that perspectives about so topic of perspectives is important from the perspective of what exam context absolute numbers put we have what we have roughly what we have roughly 2 to three Two to three direct questions can be seen from this topic. Direct questions can be seen which roughly corroborates to the case of our what 30 say 45 marks in our what marks in our means of geography option.
This is direct.
Now what is indirect is what is indirect is even more than this indirect set and that is what the case looks like after completion of our modies and laws And the indirect relevance is it is one of that topic which is what key to score 300 plus marks as it enables what? As it enables the case of coral logic in our what answers as it provides a brief context background from where the question is coming and from where you are writing your answer perspective.
Further it is what it provides us an framework to understand and interpret the demand of the question perspective questions that you will be surprised question was there is rejuvenation of environmentalism as a paradmium in geographical studies full stop comment question rejuvenation resurgence of the context of what environmentalism as a paradigm.
Now first we have to know and understand the context that there used to be an existence of a paradium in geographical studies in the past. First at the first step we have to know this. If you know this that there existed a particular environmentalism paradium earlier also in the past in the form of environmental determinism during our dual parametic phase then only we will be able to appreciate that whether now there is a rejuvenation. If that rejuvenation is happening it is of what kind of rejuvenation rejuvenation. So these theoretical perspectives the background of the questions and the demand of the questions are met properly by a 360°ree perspective on the case of this topic.
So further if you talk about we'll be discussing so many things today. Second, it provides us what? A readytouse keyword library. We will be using so many keywords like the case of environmental determinism, the case of economic determinism, the case of structuralist, the case of sense of place, the case of erosion of sense of place, the case of pave theory that is the case of perception, attitude, value and emotion context. Two times the PQs have been asked. So all these have their root their foundations in the case of what? In the case of perspectives and human geography. And if we know that we have human geography of both paper one and paper two in the range of 65% and therefore to tackle from a framework and a theoretical perspective that 65% of human geography we can be able to tackle it with the case of perspectives human geography and further what it tells it gives her those perspective it gives those viewpoints those perspectives those debates and discussion as to how the evolution of particular what Human geography has occurred in particular in geography in general in our what analysis of the geographical studies basic pointers and therefore only with these things that you will be able to what do justification and justice with your paper two answers as well. It is a key to score what high marks in paper two as well. We will see several generic questions framework. It will all depend upon the case of perspectives in human geography.
We have already discussed the case of what theme with all the model answers more than 60 70 questions we did in the class. Some were shared on the telegram group with the students and students also wrote many answers perspectives models theories and laws combined then our richness of geography answers both for paper one and paper two also amplifies further you don't have to miss out the case of model theories and laws rostan you have seen the case of what maltusian theory the case of what demographic transition theory system analysis with the case of perspective Again I will be starting from what these generic questions of what paper two.
These are some of the generic questions of paper two but you will see that question says critically examine the importance of smart cities program for solving urban problems in India. Now what it has to do with the case of paper one perspectives and models theories and law. It has much to do.
I hope all those who have covered their geography once are able to appreciate once we will be what discussing the answer or the broad framework of perspectives and models and theories which we can apply in this particular question. Similarly a question came urban solid waste management possesses the greatest challenge in metropolitan planning. Again we can apply the theoretical the keyword context from the case of perspectives and model series and laws. We will be seeing examine the environmental challenge caused by the solid waste in metropolitan regions of India and discuss the efforts to overcome it. See city and urban studies are hot spot for UPSC examiner as well in settlement geography. This is a particular topic which is in great flux and great what modifications and therefore good and important questions can be asked from these particular what themes. Now before coming to the answer of this question which I have written already. What all you can more infer that I gave a question in the test series which is for people who are writing mains 26 in which various students already selected already interview appeared and even selected wrote the answer and they actually use those perspectives and model theories and laws. How? Let me give you an exemplification.
What is so this was the first question I took. What is X urbanization? Now this is a question from settlement geography but still you will be having what you will be having certain roots from perspectives and model theories which you can apply in this question. What is X urbanization?
Explain explain the causes behind behind such a phenomena.
behind such a phenomena.
It was the first question of the test series we did here this time and this question was the context of what the modeler test one for 2026 means and it was question number one. Now many students who got less marks and their answers were not geographical were given this advice that how you can make this answer geographical. Of course this is a question from settlement geography. We are not going to discuss the case of settlement geography here but just for your understanding in the first context we can write the case of what? We can write the case of what exurbanization that is we have the core of the city.
Then we have what surrounding that core or the city we have the case of what suburbs are there?
Suburbs are there. And then further surrounding this suburbs comes the case of what? Suburbs comes the case of our what?
Xbs. So these are what? These are Xbs.
That was the context. and any migration which is happening from the city towards these xb is a phenomena called as what x urbanization.
So this was the context that we will study in the case of settlement geography along with various other themes. Now when I come to the causes of it, when I come to the causes of it in this particular what giving the causes how we can apply okay how we can apply the case of what how we can apply the case of case of first models theories and laws.
And second is what? And second is perspectives in human geography.
Let us see now. Can I say can I say that one of the reason one of the reason why there is a sort of migration from this city towards the exper is the case of increasing land rent prices or increasing cost of living and therefore we can take what we can take the context of what we can take first dimension is what increasing land rent or cost of living but while we are writing the context of what land rent we have seen the case of what the Ricardian idea of land rent we We have done a question on that a short note on land.
We have also done a case of what the case of marks and angel's view on land rent. And finally we have a special context of what the phenomena of land and that is the case of one tun. And therefore while we are applying the case of what land rent we will be what applying the case of what the one tuning model one tuner model and along with this along with this one tuner model we'll be giving its graph and on the graph we'll be showing as to how the land rent is what is very high at what at CBD that is a central business district.
So here you make your paper two or the seemingly generic answers more geographical.
Second if you talk about one more important aspect is being given in the answer as given by students. So these topics these rising city living cost have been written by almost all the students but they are not able to connect them with these what frameworks provided by what our models theories and laws and perspectives. We are coming on perspectives as well. Further if we have what? Further if we have the case of what? Rising pollution levels.
Rising pollution levels in the city. And this is leading to what? These factors are leading to what sort of a push push factor and there might be some pull here.
So in that context we are writing these are generic points. This you will be also writing. If the question comes in the case of what? In the case of your GS setup. But then you what you can do is you can apply the case of what? You can apply the case of what? Limits to growth model.
Limits to growth model. And here you will be what? Exemplifying this limits to growth model via the context of what?
Via the context of our via the context of our standard run which you can show that in a particular what city space the case of metropolitan cities of country we are right now in 25 26 and the case becomes that that the pollution levels have increased so much that the system is what in certain months of the year is towards the case of collapse the case of gas chamber the case of pollution dome which we see in the case of Delhi NCR during the case of winters that case study we also did in the case of model theories and laws. So standard run graph we can show further if we talk about now I have given some exemplification from the context of what from the context of model theories and laws. Now if we come to the case of what perspectives what in perspectives we can apply what in perspectives we can apply see later we will be studying the case of multi-paradic phase in multiparadmic phase there were three approaches which were prevalent one was behavioral approach one was the approach of what one was the approach of humanist and one approach was of radicalist now we can take certain ideas certain inputs from these what perspectives and images and approaches So what we can take we can take from the context of what the case of humanist that there is what the people who are migrating from the city towards the exper what who have seen an erosion erosion in the sense of place they have they have created sort of a negative mental image with respect to the city space and therefore there is what decline or erosion in the sense of place which we can write with regards to what humanist further if you talk about we have what the context of authentic and inauthentic attitudes authentic and inauthentic attitudes So again this was what given by the case of what anybody an important what humanist geographer and we will be what writing the context that in city area the people have developed largely what in inauthentic attitude with respect to their surroundings and as a result of which what is the case that there is what journal erosion in the way people are looking for their environmental surroundings there's lack of what security perspective etc etc. So that shows social economic setup including the case of what environment also is what deteriorating in the case of city space. Further if we talk about we can also use what the case of our what behavioralist.
Now in behaviorist context we will be what today studying the case of what downs model. Today I will be showcasing you the case of what downs model which came as the case of behavioral sub approach which are dominating in the case of what dominating in the case of our multiarametic phase post 1970s or late 1960s7s and the context was what the case of mental image which was given by what a behavioral geographer called as DS. Now this is a real world. The real world is what throwing information on us. This information is what went through our perceptual filters and then perceptual filters make our what value system both overlap with each other to form what to form a mental image. Now if this mental image is becoming negative this mental image is forming negative attitudes with respect to the surroundings of city space which is fueled by the increasing congestion the increasing what deteriorating environmental parameters. What will be the case? People will now start thinking to go what to go on outskirts and we have seen so many YouTube videos that a couple from Bangalore that a couple from Delhi NCR has moved to what some village some rural village in case of what Himachel in case of Uttarakand etc etc so that city space mental image can be exemplified by what the case of our behavioral geographers and we can what exemplify and customize this particular flowchart with respect to our question as reasons for the causes of what x urbanization and therefore further If I write so we have what we have the context of we have the context of brave list. So we can write what we can write the case of downs down model on what environmental image which is what which can become what or which is becoming negative for the dwellers of what city space we can also use the context of what later we'll be studying on which two times pyq have been asked the case of what the case of pave theory the case of pave theory and we will be using it as a part of what as a part of our content and therefore once there are certain pqs which can form the foundational basis which can form the base of our what geographical analysis and further geographical what content we will use them as what we will use them as the root of what understanding and explaining the further questions which can come so pave theory two time pqs have been asked earlier it was seen to be a miscellaneous sort of what theory but now it has become a part of what writing our answers. We will see where we can apply. So these are some things that I have what that I have used from my what context and knowledge of model theories and laws and perspectives in human geography. Now come again to the case of what this question that is the case of what the smart city context the case of urban problems and urban solid waste management problems the environmental challenges in the metropolitan cities. Now these are paper two questions which are very generic.
These question can be properly or totally been also seen in the case of what our GS papers of be it the case of GS1 or GS3. But now if they come in our what if they come in our exam what we can do? We can do this. This is something I have got brainstormed. So we have what we will be making such templates in our what answers and in our what classes. So we have what urban settings. Now whenever there is what question on urban setting in the context of environment and that to environmental degradation environmental harm or environmental lowering parameters what we'll be doing is we'll be writing them from the perspective of corological sense that is we'll be using the keywords the mappings the systematicness the universal model making and theories and laws from the paper one while connecting and explaining their answers and reasons for them. Now let us see one by word. So keyword mapping I have done is that currently we are going into what an accommodation environmentalist paradium.
So that is the context we can write that in such what accommodationist environmentalism paradium our focus will be on what our focus will be to what go for the sustainable development principles and we will be highlighting somewhere or the other using this keyword the case of sustainability of urban settings and this also we can use here as well the case of what the case of our environmentalist perspective. So environmentalist perspective will be what?
Why the people are what? Migrating outwards. Because we know that now the governments are driven by what? The governments of the day are driven by what? The philosophy of what?
Philosophy of shallow.
Shallow ecology or we can say what? Technosentric.
Technosentric environmentalism and this technocentric environmentalism is a theme that we'll study in the case of environmentalism as a functional approach which came post 1980s in the aftermath of the cultural turn in the human geography.
We'll see that as a main functionalist approach in the case of what the postmodern times. So this shallow ecologism the case of technocentric environmentalism of which a part is accommodationism which is the current paradigm we are currently going in. So we can also what connect that in our answers. Now further if you talk about so behavioralistgraphers like down model of what environmental image we can write once your environmental image is negative you will start doing what you will start caring less about the environment less about your surroundings and there will be again what huge garbage dumps that you will be what ordering the people who are using so intensified and amplified levels the case of swiggy zato blinket and they and they encash what huge plastic pile daily from their houses are the people who are driven by what the case of negative environmental image are the people who are actually following the case of shallow environmentalism.
Similarly, if we take the context of what the context of pave theory, we can write here the case of humanistic geographer, the place and placelessness concept. The case of authentic inauthentic attitudes, the case of limits to growth, seven runs, pollution, overshoot, we can show we can also use the case of Marxist geographers that in that case also consumeristic cultures, use and through cultures. One question already asked in PYQ then commodity deepening and structuring both in time and space. So earlier the model was what? Earlier the model was commodity, money and commodity that is there was what? There was a need which emerged in the society of a particular commodity which stands for the first C here and after what fulfilling and manufacturing what that commodity a particular what business setup is used to sell those commodities and earn money and with that particular earned money they again what manufacture commodities for which the need has been arised in the society. But now we have shifted from this model of CMC to MCM. Now the capitalist class, the business class is already sitting on a huge cash pileup and they are creating what they are creating sort of artificial demands in the society and therefore they are having money on the first step and for with that extra excess surplus money they are what creating an artificial demand of certain what commodities and in turn they are earning what more money. So from CMC model to what MCM model we have what shifted our thought process and all these things are making what the urban settings to have what an unmanaged solid waste management problem the huge garbage dumps that we see in the case of what Delhi we can write all these things at the same time we can also use what environmental impact I is equal to pad framework etc etc core periphery dynamics we can use that as well etc etc so these are some areas which we can what we will apply here. Of course, we will not be what writing totally those keywords. We will be mentioning them at places. We'll be contextualizing them at places. We'll be using them in our logical sentence or statement formation.
And that is our what? That is our thought process. Perfect.
Okay. So, this is the context. Now, further moving ahead, we have what? We have the case of what? To start the case of perspectives, we have to understand this particular what [snorts] pyramid.
Again, this pyramid was fundamental in our understanding because this I also used in the case of models, theories and laws because without this pyramid, we'll not be able to what understand and appreciate the different vocabularies and terminologies which exist in our what domain of geographical studies. Now this pyramid is actually what? A pyramid for which forms the basis of what formation of a law or an approach which prevails in a particular what?
region. Perfect. Ashish Kumar, good morning. Perfect. Now let us understand at the bottom of this pyramid lies our what the overall information space the information field that exist in the surroundings. Now from this overall information we actually what extract the geographical information which in itself is very diverse and very huge. Further from this geographical information we actually sort, qualify, process that geographical information and therefore we make it more qualified and from this we go on to what we go on to what generate some methodology to test some hypothesis. So what is a methodology?
Methodology is what? A way of solving a particular problem. It can be inductive, it can be what? Deductive. It can be inductive, it can be what deductive. And for inductive deductiveness you can understand this via this particular chart because many times we'll be using what these two keywords that is inductive approach and deductive approach. For your basic understanding what we do in what what we do in deductive approach. In deductive approach we go from what we go from general to particular.
General to particular general to particular. And what we do in inductive methodology it is that we go from what we go from particular to general.
This is what we do. Now let us understand more deeper aspects of deductive methodology and inductive methodology. So again we can have what the case of deductive methodology in which we'll be using what we'll be having and what we'll be having an existing law a particular rule a law which exist. Now if there is a law law if there is a rule which exist what we can what what we can decode and deduce from that particular what from that particular law or rule is what is our deductive approach that is we go for what top down approach we first take what a general rule a general particular what law and we go for what making certain specific cases out of it out of it example that is we have an existing law and we try to what change some data sets change some what ground realities into this and we what try to test prove and disapprove that existing law and this we have seen widely used during the quantitative revolution phase where we have what universal laws theories and models which existed and we used to what check them in specific settings of other other parts of the world. Now there is what a euroentric law which has made but we are actually what changing some parameters of that particular law or model and we are applying it into what a specific regional settings and therefore we are getting some approvals and some disapprovals of a particular what law.
This is deductive methodology. This is the context of a deductive methodology.
Example testing central place theory on urban rankings in genetic planes.
Example checking the case of a rank size rule. A bra size rule is a general rule but we will see how it deviates and how it actually conforms to the case of Indian settings that is we are what deducting the case in reality and this is what a sort of a reductionist approach as well but when we go to what when we go to inductive methodology what we do is it is same like the things we used to do in what CI program which comes on what Sony TV or it is the same thing which what police and CBI do in their investigations. So they take what? They take so many what?
They take so many inferences and they form what they form a journal law. They form a journal thesis, a hypothesis and accordingly there is they are going from what particular to general. It is what it is bottoms up. It is taking the specific observations and then converting them into a journal law.
It is like what the case of detectives puzzle. It is like what putting a very big sheet of paper and what putting all the evidences that you have got and you are now making a journal theory that this particular what murder might be done by the student or a friend's only now we have what completed the theme one that is model series and laws adita and we have started with the case of what second theme that is perspectives in human geography and we'll be completing this course by mid of December which includes the case of revision of almost all the important base topics as well as we will be also focusing on the case of doing the framework of question answer writing and solving the pyqs etc etc. Now further if you talk about primary goal is what? To discover new patterns and generate new theories. There existence of a law is already there but here we are actually doing what we generating new theories and again key geographical areas where we have used humanist behavioralist in a sense because behavioralists were also using what deductive the deductive methodology also but then they can be used here.
Further if you talk about the context of a population context interviewing rural migrants in Bihar to build a theory on what distress migration networks what all nuances exist before a particular migration stream to start from a rural hinterland towards what urban areas in a form of a distressed migration we can make a theory after what collecting so many inferences inductive is what putting all the inferences in place and coming what on a top general rule and law and deductive is what having a law general rule at first and what deducing certain aspects to our what determinism or deterministic based outcome so as to satisfy the way we want to reach as a particular outcome we actually use what detective methodology so QR was heavily heavily characterized by the case of what deductive methodology now further if we come here so this is methodology it is what a way of solving a way of solving a particular problem inductive or deductive now further if we come we actually what we actually make some hypothesis is like the way we have done in about what the case of inductive methodology. So there are hypothesis and hypothesis is what a carefully constructed idea. It is a carefully constructed idea but it does not have any validation on what ground as of now any scientific what empirical evidences or validation on a universal level. It does not have that. So hypothesis we have seen various hypothesis we have the case of what an hypothesis to explain the case of El Nino. It is just what a hypothesis. It has not been what scientifically coded into a theory.
Further we have what the big bang hypothesis. So these are carefully constructed ideas using several inductive and deductive methodologies to make what a journal statement an idea to explain the complex reality. Now further when we what go higher up there is what more refinement a particular what hypothesis will be what tested by multiple models and once those hypothesis will be finding what their empirical validation they will become what theory. So our theory is what having empirical support or justification and how we can actually exemplify testify that particular theory is via the case of what models. So to testify a hypothesis to explain or justify a theory models are used. We have completed them in models, theories and laws at a great depth. Okay. And therefore a theory can have multiple models. So a particular theory can have what multi multiple models. Example a theory can be or law can be what? Law of centralization. Now it can have multiple models as the case of what the central place theory. The case of what Lshian model. So those CPT crystaller idea and the loshion idea are what theories or models we have. Now further we have what once a theory is having a universal applicability and a universal recognition it gets it becomes a law and once this all the things are used in a more pervasive inevitable sense in a particular time and space it becomes what an approach that is a particular way of what of looking at the reality.
So that becomes the sinuanon of a particular what society to look the phenomenas or the complex reality in a particular way that becomes an approach and since we have this thing we can have several analogies as well. So 10 years back we have this approach in the mindset of all the middle class that it is better to go with engineering as what with engineering as a particular subject in the graduation so that we can have what a ready to have employment but that notion that paradium that approach has what now shattered.
So that can be a context. So fundamental concept to understand the further nuances of what perspectives in human geography lies in this geographical pyramid and you should be well versed with these ideas. And here we have what the context of solving a particular problem in the context of inductive and deductive that you should know. Now moving further and forward we have what the context of the context of why it is important to what interlink paper one and paper two.
Again this I have already showed. So the context is when you will read the case of Maj the case of Kuler what will be the context they have written what several data sets they have given what several exemplifications they have given what several information what to do to define the case of what to define the description of the regions to give the description of the regions and therefore those books are having what more choreography in which there is what the what of regions has been mentioned when choreography we do what we do what of regions or we study the what of regions the description of the regions and that is what responsible for our low marks. But when we what when we go and make our answers and understanding from choreography to corology it becomes what we here study and provide both what plus why of the phenomena. This Y is coming from which area? Majorly this Y in our answers of paper two and even in paper one comes from the aspect of models, theories and laws and the case of our perspectives in human geography and we will later study in economics in population several other theories and models which were a part of their their particular discipline. So we have to essentially make our choreographical work understanding and answer towards what corological one so that they have a ready to understand justification behind what we have described as a phenomena.
So geography is spatial studies and two ways it can be done but corology is the most preferred way and we'll be seeing how Emanuel Kant during that time also talked about this and how actually geography and specifically human geography has got shifted from the approach of choreography to corology in in our what perspectives in human geography. Now further if you talk about the context of what we have this basic premise that paper one is essentially talking about those principles of geography in principles we have what those universal principles and models and theories and laws which we can use as reasons to what explain our paper two phenomena. So paper two choreography can be mapped with paper one causes which essentially uses more of systematic approach than regional approach to what understand the case of what paper two.
So this linkage you should know this linkage of paper one mapping with paper two the case of here the systematic laws reasoning we should apply and what our answers of paper two. Now with this we are now starting what we are now starting with the context of what perspectives. Now when we start perspective we start with that first geographical pentagon or the geographical pyramid that we have seen.
After that we have to understand something that in perspectives we have several questions based on a specific theme which gives us the structural framework as to how we have to open up the topic of what perspectives and there are several pqs which have come [snorts] like there is a rejuvenation of environmentalism as a paradium in geographical studies as a paradium in what geographical studies posttop comment why radicalism seen as a major paradium shift in geography explain it causes approaches and criticisms discuss the contemporary paradiums of geography.
We will see what are these contemporary parads of geography. Then we have another journal use of this keyword that HDI has brought about a paradium shift in the way people think about development process critical exam and the inherent limitations of HDI. So this word paradium is something that we have to focus upon because it gives us that structural settings on which the perspective topic can be understood well.
different scholars their methology evolution lobby based parodyific Lobby particular day parodyium shift. It is a sort of a paradium shift in the sort of a lobbying or the pressure tactics over the government.
We'll be using this term many times. So this is something which exemplifies that why it is important to study what perspective topic in what in a paradmic manner. In a paradmic manner and therefore we have also used what?
Therefore, we have also used this particular what this particular question here that evaluate that evaluate the structural transitions structural transitions of geography through the lens of academic paradigms through the lens of academic paradigms and we will be what completing an overview of the perspectives topic today from this lens of academic paradigms and once we'll do it we'll be able to solve all the PYQs and we can also predict the future FYQs that is future year questions which can be coming from the perspective of what paradiums take academic paradoms foundational laws and evolving epistemological frameworks that exist here. So we'll see what vocabulary comes how are these paradiums can be seen etc etc. So let us understand the first definition of what is the term paradigm means and why we have to what use it to understand our geographical needs and perspective needs. Now if we talk about the case of what paradium so what is a paradium we were born the millennials were born in a specific paradium. The generation before millennials was born in a specific paradigm and the generation which will coming after millennials they will be born in a certain specific set of principles approaches laws and that will make another paradium. There was a paradium in what disaster which evolved over a period of time. Currently it is going towards more technical based what paradium more applied based functional based paradium. So these all the things that we have to understand and these all the things that we actually understand and read on daily basis are the case about what paradiums. So what is paradium? Let us understand first. Now if we say that a paradium okay has what has a defined subject matter has a defined approach has a methodology maybe inductive maybe deductive has specific exemplars. The exemplars can be in the form of what the people who were contributing that particular what approach that particular methodology that particular subject matter or their works can also become what their exemplars their mouthpieces and therefore they can be what books and papers or it can be what scholars. So essentially a paradium is something which is having a defined subject matter a defined approach which becomes all pervasive. A defined scholar or set of scholars and their works which are contributing a particular what approach to become what all pers all pervasive.
All pervasive means something which is what found to be present across the academic circles and at the same time this makes what a particular time and space to follow a particular paradigm.
So what is a paradium? It is a time in development of a discipline. It is a time in development of a discipline. In development of a discipline where in a particular where in a particular approach theory methodology becomes what? All pervasive becomes what? All pervasive.
Just to exemplify this just to exemplify this we have already studied what the case of approach etc etc. So we have what we have a time period between we will study in the development of our geographical studies human geography we have a time period between 1950s and 1972.
That period between 1950s till 1972 or late 1970s was a period which was called as monoparadium. Which was called as what? Monoparadium.
Just to give an example it was called as what? Mono paradmatic phase, monoparametic phase and in this monoparametic phase we have what we have several methodologies and largely they were towards the case of what deductive methodologies we have. We have several use of model making universal what theory making was the case. So we have what a normthetic approach was there. So just to give an exemplification we have what we have example nomtic approach.
Nomothetic approach was the case in this paradium. And what is this nomtic approach? Nomothetic approach is an approach wherein there is universal construction of models, laws and theory.
There is building and construction of what? Universal models, laws and theory.
This is called as nomtic. It is antagonist to the idographic approach that used to exist. So this is something that we have what read and understood.
So during the case of what? During the case of 1950s that is post World War II and till 1972 we have what geography was under a monoparadic phase in which an approach used to what dominate was the case of nomtic approach and accordingly we have several laws and theories which we developed. the case of the holy trinity of what theories from this perspective of what posivistic philosophy was the case of what was the case of war tun model was the case of Weber's industrial location theory so these things we actually what incorporated and what imported into what geographical studies to make it what more look like a theory and theoretical revolution in the case of what geographical domain so that was a context further if we talk about so there were various models also which came and accordingly we have what trained geography and studied geography with this set of what monoparadic phase. Now further if we open up other paradiums and let us have a brief overlook of what paradms used to exist how they evolved.
So this is the context. Now this particular what paradium will after a particular time period will come under what a case of crisis will come under a case of what crisis because once there is what establishment of a paradium that paradium will have after time period will have what several criticisms which will be coming and emerging both from the inner circles and from the surroundings of that paradium and those criticisms which were what popping up and emerging from both the inside the paradium and from the scholars outside the paradium they will what they will try to go towards another paradium exemplification if we what if you want to take an exemplification if you want to take an exemplification we can take this exemplification that during this time that during the time of what QR during the time of what QR what was the context I have given a short context so during the time of what QR what was the context Next QR means quantitative revolution.
So see from 1950s to 1972 the primary approach or the paradium was what?
Or the paradium was what? Was the paradium of quantitative revolution was the paradium of what? Quantitative revolution.
And there were several undercurrents that used to what exist during this particular paradium which was primary having this approach of what making universal what law making modeling etc. But there were undercurrens also the undercurrens can be seen from the inner circles in which various what quantitative scholars became behavioralist later and also what other scholars joined in. Then humanists were also there criticizing that QR essentially dehumanized the case of what geography. Then there were radicalists also who were actually what focusing more on to study and exposing the case of underlying structures the deep structures which were responsible for whatever the geographical phenomena we see on space as well as there were what they were welfist scholars as well and there were what environmentalist also which were there and these environmentalist but sort of what these environmentalists were sort of what eocentric ones ecoentric environmentalist Later we will see that they have what they will be changing their nature from what ecoentric towards technocentric environmentalist. So what happened was when there was what when there was a crisis phase which started emerging late 1970s what was the case that these undercurrens became what the primary approaches and we entered into another what paradium that was what that was the multiparametic phase which was starting from late 1970s which included what three approaches that was what A is beh idealist, B is what humanist and C is what radicalist and this is the context. So this is an exemplification of a paradium. We have taken the example of what? We have taken the example of quantitative revolution and you will be getting all the notes on this notes on this and therefore when we are what moving beyond the case of late 1970s we are what witnessing a paradium shift in the nature of what geographical studies and this is precisely what the case that once a paradium what lives and outlives its what essence there is what a crisis and crisis post we have What?
Another paradium which is what solving the case of the new problems that were what emerging in the academic circles and this does not happen only with the case of what with the case of geography.
It happens throughout the case of what different different natural sciences and both social sciences. Of course this paradic which was given by and popper was a case of more natural science-based but the natural sciences while aa context can also be used in a scientific manner in a scientific methodology in also social sciences and therefore we are using this paradium change even in what the case of social sciences as well. So in every optional you will be having this approach to understand the evolution of that discipline through the case of paradiums and therefore paradiums become very important and we have seen that UPSC also is using this keyword heavily from the last 10 15 years. Now further if we go ahead we will be having what we will be having these paradiums that we have to discuss. Now it is a very cumbersome and a very complex graph that you have but with time you will be able to make a sense of it first and foremost important thing and second with time you will be able to what make it yourself and third that you have to make it whenever the question asks in that certain conceptual sense of what paradiums the evolution sense trace the evolution sense you can actually use this particular what approach to write your answers just after introduction you can actually what use this particular what use this particular to the graph in a customized manner in relation to the demand of the question and therefore we have what on the on the y-axis we have what evolution of a discipline in our case it is what human geography and this is the context of what on x-axis we have time now I am focused on this particular what I am focused on this particular period and this particular period has its roots from the ancient times till the case of preodern times that is around the case of 1859 because from there we entered properly into a domain of what scientism and that is where we have what the Charles Darwin theory of evolution and therefore we made what these watershed events and we have what confined this first important phase of geographical studies but this important phase of geographical studies is a phase where there is no presence of a paradium where there is no presence of a paradium it was essentially a nonparadic phase that means that means that if this This is a nonp paradmic phase. It does not have a well- definfined subject matter.
Yes, there was no presence of what well- definfined subject matter because the scholars of this time starting from the Greek or Romans to Arabs and then further to classical periods and premodern period, they were all what?
They were all the people who cannot segregate the specific subject matter for what geography is and what geography should be studied. And also the scholars of this period were the scholars who were contributing not only the domain of geography but also domain of what history, mathematics, astronomy etc etc. And therefore there was no prevalence of what a particular approach to just to give an analogy of this thing that a particular student starts his what school education from what from different variety of subjects you have to study the case of trigonometry the case of what Sanskrit the case of what Hindi the case of English the case of social sciences mathematics etc etc sports but as you evolve you try to become specialized you try to go yourself under a paradigm you choose so some of us have chosen the paradium of what competitive exams and we are going into that paradium but some have chosen the paradium of what artificial intelligence and they are understanding and learning how a machine can be trained how coding can be done how it can be given more emphaticness in making it more what human friendly so that is the context now further let us open this particular case of what this particular case of our non-parametic phase and I have written here that there was lack of subject matter in this particular what lack of subject matter in this particular phase and starting from what ancient geographers we have several Goro Romans what geographers here we have Homer here we have Hikatius here we have Strabo here we have Eratostheines here we have Tommy here then medic then we have what we have the case of dark ages which will come between which will separate this ancient phase with the medieval phase and then in the medieval phase since the dark ages usually what dominated the case the realm of what Europe and therefore we have further what the case of medieval geographers which was dominated in the Arab world and in there we have what al- bironi is there al- masoudi is there kaldun is there we'll be writing and we'll be giving the content of all these and I have also made here a proper what handout for you to understand so this is the handout which I will be what reciting shortly so this is the handout we'll be reading here take we'll be having what these prear paramedic era ancient origins to what premodernity We will be having all these what all these classical antiquity girum geographers then Islamic golden age al- Musi then we have classical and premodern geographers then dual paradic phase we'll be having all these things in this particular tabular manner we'll be coming on that and you have to read it and you have to start approaching your perspectives in human geography from this particular sheet and from this particular lecture because this will form your base over which you can what supplant your other understandings of perspectives. I hope it is clear. Please let me know till this point of time if you have any doubt on YouTube. People who are watching on YouTube and people who are watching on the application please let me know. And of course all those who are watching if you like the effort if you like that we are talking some sense you can also what like the video you can also what like the video.
So this was the context.
Perfect. All clear nihar perfect. So now before coming to this and before reciting to this let us again decode further aspects. So we have what again with time we have what the context of renessa will be there. The age of exploration will be there. I have written all the things. Then we enter into the case of what classical period.
Now from classical period we will start having some segregation of knowledges.
Now people will start what developing and creating specific knowledge to specific disciplines. And there we first time see the case of scientific temperament start emerging in the case of what these domains and the classical period it was dominated by two important geographers that is we have Vinius and Kant will be there further if we come to the case of what premodern times it was Humboldt and Ritter who what contributed their individual [snorts] works in the field of what geography we'll see who was systematic who did what the case of deductive methodology who used and what was the core idea of them but the core idea of these premodern geographers was that they want to understand unity and diversity. They want to understand in totality in toto the case of what the case of geographical studies. So I am just first opening this particular phase for you. Now just like clicking on this and then we will what entering into this domain. Further we will come on to what the case of dual parametric phase then monoparadic phase then multiparametic phase and then finally to the current paradium. We'll be seeing post 1980s the postmodern geographies we'll be see and we'll see that how this environmentalism is what is establishing itself as a paradigm in recent times and answer of this environmentalism is what accommodationist environmentalism is seen to becoming a parody you will understand this chart properly and you have to make it you have to use it as and when the need arises perfect now if we open up if we open up the case of what the case of non-parentic phase if you open up the case of nonparametric phase. What was the context here was that this non-parantic phase was lacking any subject matter.
There was no what? There was no theory making. There was lack of subject matter. The scholars here will were not having what a defined subject matter to develop a particular discipline. They were the people who were various what observants of a particular phenomena and they used to what they used to write generically in almost all the domains of their observational studies and therefore what we are having is that there was what lack of any specific subject matter and in this non-parentic phase we'll be having what we'll be having the case of what we'll be having the case of ancient till what preodern times and now we can further divide them as I have what given these dotted lines we further divide them and let us study them. Of course, I am giving you a macro perspective today. Thank you Adita.
Thank you so much for appreciating. We are taking a macro perspective today and I will be giving you the notes plus I will be giving you some important what notes on the different schools of thought that emerge so that you have certain keywords with respect to certain geographers belonging to different schools of thought. Once you are done with this you are done with 30% of perspectives in human geography and rest when then we'll be coming to specific paradium in terms of what it was what were the main propositions of that paradium what were the critiques and the significance of that paradium we'll be individually tackling each paradium in much micro detailing perfect now when we further go into this context of nonparabic phase is we can have what we can have. First the case of what?
First the case of ancient and medieval geographers.
So here only knowledges used to exist.
They have certain knowledges regarding certain phenomenas they used to observe but they were not able to classify the knowledges that this knowledge belong to this particular subject. This knowledge belong to this particular subject. So there was what? There was lack of discipline building in this particular what domain of what study. So only knowledges existed. Geography was not present as a segregated as a segregated what discipline.
This was the context largely. We will come to this as well after clicking this. But let us have a hierarchy of things. Then come the age of exploration. Then come the age of renaissance. Then come the age of what scientism in which various explorations, expeditions used to be done. There was what great increase in our what geographical database of geographical phenomenas, maps etc etc. and we were able to map most of the geographical phenomenas.
Okay, Adita I will take this question in the end. So this was the reessa period and further after reessa period we enter into the case of what the classical period. Now from classical period we will see that there was what segregation of knowledges started and we will see how vinous and Kant actually talked about specifically the case of what the case of geography the case of dualism and dichotomy that exist in the case of what geography the case of how geography and history are exceptional disciplines as they cannot be what tied with the factor of what subject matter so that is something we'll be what understanding here and further in premodern we have again thought more comprehensive studies regarding the case of geographical phenomenas was seen. It was in both the domains of systematic and regional approach. The case of what the case of AB Humboldt and Ritter we will be what understanding their contributions and further till 1859 this was the case and then we entered into what dual parametic phase and we will see the macro of our what perspective shortly. Now let us first understand the case of what ancient and medieval context. So first we can come to what the ancient period.
Now this ancient period was what? It was it was the phase where man as determined by nature was existing.
It was something that we were under a naturalized humans. We were what? We were also we can write here what we were we were what we were naturalized humans.
You have to use these keyword. This is somewhere present in your NCERTT.
Naturalized humans.
That is human activities were largely a outcome or phenomena of what?
Phenomena of what? Natural controls.
Natural controls. And therefore what we will see is that largely the geographers of this particular time period when nature was determining the human activities through almost in all the aspects largely geographers of this particular period will be what will be deterministic in nature.
will see themselves that humans are nothing but puppets of what nature and have to work under its control.
So what was the context was that here the particular majority of geographers were what deterministic in nature and since they were of the view that they used to what they used to observe the physical realities around them the case of mountains the case of what the case of some level of astronomical data points some level of astronomical observations and therefore majority of the geographers in this phase were what physical geographers and were largely deterministic why deterministic because they Butistic in the sense that humans do not have more will to what do their own activities irrespective of what removing nature out of the equation and therefore nature was controlling them.
It was naturalized humans which was at work and this is what we see. However, we also see somewhat traces of we also see somewhat traces of human geography and the content I will be sharing in that content we will be seeing that it was Strabo from the Roman school who actually also apart from physical geographic contributions also did the contribution in the domain of human geography by doing what a simile work on the case of comparative cultures which was a case a manifestation of human geography element as well and therefore there or some traces in some works of some scholars which we also can quote here.
I hope it is clear. So we have what we have Greek or Roman geographers like the case of Homer. So Homer as a person was involved and indulged in what contributing to a domain of what geography in which he talks about different types of winds in the domain of what history etc etc and accordingly we have what thals and anxious Herodotus Plato Aristotle so they contributed immensely to the domain of what geography and other knowledges and other subject matters as well further we have what further we have in the Roman period we have Strabo and Tommy specifically Okay.
Now this was the context. Now you can have what one one keyword for all I have given in the notes that is what you have to understand. We are discussing a macro of it. Physical geographers deterministic in nature. Some have traces or some siminal works on the case of what? Human geography as well.
Perfect. Further if we go ahead we will be entering into a domain of what after this we'll be entering into a domain of our domain of our dark ages in Europe.
So around 200 AD we'll be having what dark ages in Europe where the particular dominance of church and Christian theology can be seen. And what is this church dominance and Christian theology can be seen that these theologists used to consider that human are nothing but what humans have been sent on this grand stage of nature to perform some specific task under the under the leadership of what nature?
So here the context was what? Here the context was what?
Okay. That humans have been sent on this grand stage to perform a particular particular about a particular task.
A particular task under the leadership of what? God. And that is indirectly it is giving [clears throat] us a sense of what that here we are talking about the case of what? Absence of free will.
Absence of free will. Absence of free will. We are talking here.
Absence of free will. We are talking here.
No, since there were dark ages in Europe and therefore the development of geography shifted towards the domain of India and China and also near about what around 7700 AD we see that the Arab geographers Arab geographers started what started appreciating those works of Greek or Roman geographers. They used to revive those studies. They used to preserve those studies and some important few important medieval geographers were what the geographers like Al- Masudi, Alberuni and Nealdu.
Now when you will be reading the context and the text that I will be giving you, what was the context was that this area of what? Arabian Peninsula was an area of what was an area of large nonaccumine areas. What are non-accumine areas?
These are the areas which are less habitable, less hospitable and therefore there were used to presence of what harsh climatic conditions and therefore the geographers of this particular region will be again what deterministic largely they will again be what majorly the case of the case of physical geographers and also since it was what harsh climate desert type of topography they will be able to what more do contri contributions and observations in the field of astronomy because if the skies will be clear you will be able to what more better understand and appreciate the parameters and aspects of what the patterns of stars that is to understand the case of constellations which was the case.
So you have to understand the context the background the surroundings they used to exist and the outcome they produced.
So this is something that you have to what understand. Now further if we move ahead further if we move ahead what is the context that after these medieval period and Arab geographers there come the time of what renessa that you have understood and studied in the domain of what your world history.
Now this renaissance is an age of what exploration in which there was what scienticism promoted or we can say that it was what it was the case of what rise or first time formal recognition to what the case of scientific temperament which can be seen. scientific temperament which can be seen.
scientific temperament which can be seen. So here in this period scienticism promoted there was what Newtonian gave is what the Newtonian laws and therefore the Newtonian cause and effect relationship was also what seen and it forms the basis of what the environmental derism this is a cause this is the effect the people living in what equator because of what more heat and sunlight they will have what more dark color skin the people living in what temperate areas will be having what less dark color Thank you binder. Thank you for appreciating it. Thank you for appreciating it. Thank you for appreciating the work which has been done before the start of class. Thank you so much and I will be uploading it to all the registered students on the telegram just after the class. Thank you so much.
Thank you so much. Now further the context was what scientism promoted.
There was what Newtonian cause and effect relationship was the basis of what the modern day environmentalism.
Then further we have what the extensive database of geographical phenomena maps was created. And in age of exploration we have what Columbus discovering America dagama going and exploring the case of India. The captain cooking the case of Antarctica circle the case of Copernicus which is actually giving the phenomena of what helioentricism which was also been what substantiated and testified by the case of what Galilio. So these were the works which were being done in the case of about age of exploration and further if you talk about further if you talk about then we enter the case of what classical period. Now that scienticism which came actually started what actually started a segregation of what segregation of different different ideas which until now hit her were the case of what were the case of our lack of subject matter lack of organization lack of formalization. Now there was what segregation of knowledges discipline start and majority of the work which was done in this period was a extension of the age of exploration that is the case of cause and effect relationship and here we have what here we have the case of Vinius Bernard Vinius okay and he was of the opinion that the subject matter of geography was heavily incorporating the case of what dichotomy and dualisms dichotomy and dualisms And the question came from this particular what dichotomy and dualism factor in our what last year in our last year what in our last year means and it was a very large question which we will study in the next class and it was a 20 marker. I will be uploading this topic wise pyq mapping I will be uploading after the class and the question was how have dichotomy and dualism affected the methodological development of geography described 20 marks discuss the relevance of stop and goism a shade of what environmentalism a very softer stance of environmentalism given by Griffith Taylor we have to study this there is rejuvenation of environmentalism a paradium in geographical studies I will Let you know and I will write you make you write a good answer on this particular 15 marker. Then EC sample is an ardent supporter of determinism. Full stop explain 10 marker. Then write short explanated notes on what neodymism we will see it is nothing but what the case and extension or another way of what exemplifying the case of stop and go terminism only.
So this was the case we have to study.
So this is updated file from 2009 to 2005 that we have to what study and I have given large things in this. So we have what the case of Greek or Roman I have written some people some works and somewhat overlaps that they have with other subject matter Islamic golden age.
Then we have what classical and premodern period we have the case of Vinius and what Emanuel Kant then we have what AV Humboldt and what Khal written in the premodern period. So classical is this and we have what premodern is what this.
Okay. Further we have got a dual parametric space that will be coming post 1859 till 1950.
So this was the context. So what is a dichotomy? A dichotomy is what? A dichotomy is a sense in which when there are two opposing viewpoints that exist, we are of the opponent that these two oppo opposing viewpoints can never be what can never be merged, can never be what collated, can never be what make a middle path. They will remain opposive throughout the development of a discipline or an academic discipline.
So this is what a dichotomic trend in Hindi. I can say that it is what is what dichotomy.
However, dualism is dualism says that there are two opposing viewpoints but those two opposing viewpoints can have large tendency to coexist in a certain what discussion debate and evolution of a discipline. So what is a dichotomy?
We'll be understanding and writing an answer comprehensive answer on all the dichotoies and dualism which exist in geographical trends. What is dichotomy two opposing viewpoints can't coexist.
And what is dualism?
two opposing viewpoints can coexist and he also highlighted varianess also highlighted some of the important dichotoous and dualistic trends in the case of geography subject matter level pay and that is what the case of physical and human geography and the case of what journal and special geography Raphy which is nothing but what? Which is the case of our what?
Systematic systematic geography and the case of what? The case of regional geography.
And he was tilted more. And he was tilted more in the domain of what? in the domain of this varinius to develop to develop what science science of geography which is possible in physical geography. Plus if we use what systematic approach if we use physical and systematic approach we will be again while discussing the case of dichotomy and dualistic trends in geography and their evolution and how they contribute to discipline of geography we'll be what writing them in depth in those answers but I am today giving you a macro if you remember this macro this timeline what will be the case that you will be able to what attach your micros of the pyqs of the content that has come in these macros.
Now further if we talk about further if we talk about the case of what Emanuel Kant also what heavily heavily seen in the case of what geographical studies. So Emanuel Kant was the person who what who actually gave what? The case of exceptionalism.
The case of what? Exceptionalism.
And according to him that it is wrong to classify certain disciplines on the basis of just the case of subject matter because according to him that almost all the disciplines can be classified in a way but it is next to impossible to classify the case of next to impossible thea to qualify the case of what to classify the case of history and geography in case of what a specific subject matter. These two subjects cannot be bound with a specific subject matter because they are what? Two different time and space horizons of academics. And accordingly he gave what?
According to him.
According to him.
According to him.
History and geography can't be tied or classified.
under some specific subject matter.
As as he called These two disciplines, these two disciplines as exceptional.
Exceptional. And what was the exception in this? So according to him, history was what? History was the case of what?
The case of description or we can say report of a phenomena in time and [snorts] geography was what?
Geography was a description of a phenomena in space and later he also talked about and became vary of what the regional approach as well and we will see when we discussing the case about Emanuel Kant and we will take a question on Emanuel Kant as well as a short note because it is something which is sort of a uniqueness which was been highlighted during this what classical period by the case and contribution of Emanuel Kant perfect so I hope you have understood till this point of time and later we will be what entering into a domain of what later we'll be entering into a domain of what premodern period premodern period and in premodern period we have what two important pillars of pre modern period and those were what the case of a humboldt and the case of what KL Ritter will be there and both of them have some commonality. Although they both use different approaches and different methodologies, they have one commonality and that is what to understand the unity in diversity that is complete understanding of geographical phenomena in totality to understand the case of geographical phenomena.
geographical phenomena. Now when we go to case of what Humboldt, so Humboldt was a field geographer. The term climatology was given by him. The context of Humboldt current you know about him. He was the person who swimmed towards what the case of Galapagos Island and in that particular what journey and voyage he actually what relies and observe the case of Peruvian current, Humboldt current. So he was what he was the field geographer and therefore he used to collect so many what ground observations ground data points and ground what informations and using what inductive methodology he used to come what he used to make what a journal rule a journal what theory a journal statement he was also using what systematic approach to come to that what model making theory making in his book what cosmos in his book what cosmos he was of the opinion that it is important to understand and accept that geography is what earth gund or earth science and therefore it is important to understand all the important water phenomenas that exist that exist in the real world to be understood in totality using the inductive and systematic approach and therefore this was the case to understand make full complete analysis of the geographical studies because the phenomenas are what very widespread so the cosmos was the And further if you talk about and come to the case of what Ritter Ritter in his earlier works was more of a systematic geographer but later he what he even while doing what specific studies okay on some regional aspects of continents and subcontinents. He actually what later started following the case of regional approach and he was the first person who gave what the concept of spatial unity the concept of horizontal and vertical unity and all of them since they were what systematic topographers they were in a way directly or indirectly using the case of systems approach and what according to system approach is that let us say that this is a system this is a system we have so in this system if we have what?
If we have these important what components? These important what components we have? [snorts] These important components we have and the components are what connected with these components are connected with what the various processes. So this is one system and we have what? This is another system that exist here. Maybe a large system.
Maybe a large system and having its own what? Having its own components and elements.
And here also they are connected with what? Their own special processes processes. And therefore he was of the opinion that how we can study these systems or the different different water regions to understand the horizontal and vertical unity that exist between them.
So it can be a context that we have what we have the same level of systems where we can actually understand the case of horizontal unity. A system which is a part of a larger system a macro system is where we can understand the case of vertical unity. So in a way indirectly they were using what?
Indirectly use of what?
Use of system analysis and also later the case of Humboldt can also be seen doing somewhat some regional studies as well.
this knowledge that earlier they were systematic they also what contributed into some regional studies as well. This knowledge gives us what? This knowledge will be helpful to us when we'll be about what discussing the case of dichotomies and dualism where we will say that these geographers were not only what systematic geographers they also have their contributions in the systematic approach along with that they also what contributed in domain of what regional geography so you'll be having what the works of them so I have discussed the broad parts of it he was of the opinion that the whole is what made up of parts and to understand the whole to understand the complex reality of geographical phenomen It is better to able to what understand the parts of it and it is where what the system analysis he was using to establish and understand a linkage of what the horizontal and vertical unity the spatial unity concept he actually gave.
Further if we talk about further if we talk about we will be entering into what now the different phases different phases and in different phases what will be the context is that now we have completed till the case of what till the case of Till [snorts] 1890 till 1859 we have completed and after this will come what? After this will come the case of what? After this ancient tomb ancient to premodern time we'll be entering into a domain of what?
From 1859 to the case of 1950s and it was something called as dual parametric phase. Dual parametric phase means that there used to exist two important approaches that used to make what a paradigm that prepared for UPSC or work for AI.
two important paradigms. thought of.
So dual paradic phase and in this phase also we have what earlier there was a particular what there was a European euroentric paradium establishment of sub approaches in the form of what an environmental determinism and as a rival to this was the case of possibilism from the French school and later this was what shifted towards the domain of what America where we see the case of what aerial differentiation and as a rival to this was the case of what cultural determinism of Carl Sawyer and there will be again crisis phase we'll be entering into what another paradium monoparic phase again social elements movement of late 1960s again crisis phase we'll be entering into multipartic phase again there will be what late 1980s again there was a crisis phase we will see and understand what was this crisis phase actually and then finally we'll be ending into what the postmodern geographies welfare approach environmentalism will be seen as important functional approach new regional geographies focus back on the case of what focus was back on the case of what on space was been the fundamental theory and context an idea here and we will see that later what is now becoming a paradigm. So let us quickly look at this case of what dual parametric phase in which the development in which the development of what geography occurred in what phases?
So the geography development is occurred in what?
from pre-odern period.
from premodern period that is 1859 onwards development of geography in phases. And therefore we can first see the case of what? We can first see the case of our phase one European context in which there was what German school which was vary of what the case of determinism philosophy or the environmental determinism and French school was what the case of possibilism was seen. We will see the various scholars in the context of Vidal de Lablash Lucian Feber etc etc. Further from phase one to phase two they shifted to what the case of American school American school.
So phase one was what the European school European school in American school again we have what the two important approaches the context of what the context of aerial differentiation.
the context of what aerial differentiation ad aerial differentiation and versus the case of what cultural determinism which was nothing but an extension of phase one to phase 2 because Europeans were nothing but what Americans were nothing but what extensions of what Europeans only then phase three we have what the case of British school in which there were own contributions and finally we have what the case of phase three which was Russian school and here we'll be having what the context of indeterminism also That is the case of economic determinism. Extreme form of what?
Possibilism.
This is also called as what? Russian indeterminism. So these were the phases and you will see that largely largely what is the context here is largely what is the context here is that this all is what this all is what dominated by something called as what by something called as euro tentricism euroentricism or euroentric bias, euroentric bias.
And therefore one question which came which we see and which we'll be solving in the next class and this question was what you can see here.
You can see here and the question was what? The question is what? Which comes often as that paradiums in human geography?
In human geography has eurosentric bias.
Full stop justify I'm just giving a macro because at the micro level we have to discuss all these in the coming classes.
So this is again what a question on paradium again a question on what paradium.
Now further if you move ahead we have what we have the context of what this was the context in which we'll be what understanding and decoding these approaches. So this timeline diagram we will be using just after our introduction if the question demands so and if the question is actually what making us to write something in the dual parametric phase or the case of what the case of various approaches that have emerged.
So on the far left we have what?
Theology that actually what says the absence of what?
The absence of free will.
Absence of free will.
On the far left we have naturalized humans. Humans as determined by nature.
And then further we have what the important dual parametric approaches which used to exist between the case of what post 1859 and environmental determinism of red zel. You can see there is what the case of possibilism a softer possibilism you can see of what vidal gene brunis. Then more historical possibilism of lucian febre then more extreme form of what possibilism that is Russian indeterminism that is economic determinism. Some softer versions later came in the domain of what determinism that was neodymism or what pragmatic determinism or what stop and goism again some more shorter and softer approaches came with that is the case of probabilism of OK speed and you can expect a 10 marker on any keyword which is mentioned in this what number line you're going this side there's absence of free will and you are going this side there is what presence of free will and therefore when we are coming here we are coming into domain of what humanized nature humans as active modifiers of nature.
Every keyword is settled and settled in this particular water diagram and you have to use it and we will draw it at various places to fetch more marks just after introduction when the question demands. So we'll be taking these things with us and they are doing it very fine.
Perfect.
And similarly post this we will be what entering again into domain of what? Post this there will be what the period of crisis the period of what world war I was there and then what world war II will be there. Now during this time the countries have what the countries have economic stress. There is what resource scarcity. There is what fund issues and there was also what questions on the relevance of geography as a discipline in the universities which were being funded heavily. There was questions asked from geography that whether geography is able to contribute in the war efforts during the inter war period.
during the inter war period and therefore this crisis phase was then been what was then been was then been solved with another paradium that came and this paradium was what to make geography to make geography a theoretical discipline to make science of geography to make geography on the lines of positivistic philosophy that whatever you can see with the naked eyes the real world is the actual world and make some universal laws models theories on that so that they can be able to fulfill certain economic prospects of individuals of countries of nations and therefore geography find it in under what the case of quantitative revolution theoretical revolution universal models building and theor will be what done we have completed this thing it was it was it came into what it came into essence with the exceptionalism paper which was published by what Schaefer and there we'll be discussing the case of what the debate between the case of hardshon and What Schaefer and further after what two or two decades we will be having again crisis because there was what again inequality over space there was environmental deterioration which was happening of course there was what in human geography there was no focus on human which is the core of geographical studies it led to dehumanization of what geography and therefore inner circles of QR also started criticizing it and from them extended version becomes what the case of behavior Also the sub approaches which I showed you were also what came into the becoming the major sub approaches during this multiparametic phase between the case of 1960s and what late 1960s70s and what late 1980s and therefore this particular what this particular chart that we have prepared here let me make a copy of it and this particular chart that we have here let us put Let us put there. So we have got this QR was dethuned and undercurrens in these undercurrens again popularity was got with the case of behavioralist humanist and radicalist and this was our multiaramtic phase which we can see here which we can see here which started from late 1970s and existed till about late 1980s and here I have written one keyword time becomes more important than what space very very important understand this thing why time becomes more important than same space because behavioralist in the guise of what? Understanding the human behavior. They were actually going into what historical studies because they were of the opinion that the essence precedes what existence.
Similarly, the case of what humanist they were also the view. So humanist and beist in order to understand the real nature of what the real behavior of what humans they actually went into what doing more historical studies of individuals or groups of societies and therefore their focus on space become less and on time becomes more.
Similarly, the radicalist in the following of the marks historical materialism as to how the inequality over space has been what progressed over the period of time starting from feudalism to the case of what industrial revolution how those halves and have nots have been what formed as two broad categories over geographical space again they went into what historical studies historical materialism they were actually what decoding and therefore time becomes more important for them in their own inquiries increase dense space and we know that geography essentially is what a spatial science and we have to what bring it back and therefore again criticisms rose again this was what the late 1980s was a case of what the crisis phase in geographical studies this was a crisis phase in this crisis phase what was the context the context was that there came what a cultural turn in geography cultural turn in geography and during [snorts] this cultural turn there was What enhancement in the scope of subject matter of geography was done. Several knew what subject matters were introduced. The case of urban studies, the case of feminist studies, the case of what other critical geographies came and they used to what inquire about these things. Okay. And essentially the focus was on what from 1918 onwards the cultural turn the focus was again to what bring back the focus on one space.
And then we enter into what the case of postmodern geography is the case of functionalist approaches era where we find what two undercurrens went above and called as what welfist and environmentalist. And finally in the contemporary times it is what it is what the environmentalism is establishing as a paradium in recent times. And which type of environmentalism? It is the shallow the technocentric environmentalism and the form is accommodationist environmentalism.
And this is something that we have to what discuss and this we have to what complete in our what coming two three sessions along with the pyqs.
So this is this 85% part of perspectives and after that we have what after that we have another important what another important domain which is again very rarely covered in our foundation courses. It is what it is the domain of it is the domain of this languages, religion, secularization and cultural regions of the world. There are some readym made handmade answers on this and there are what some notes which will be given to you to solve such complex and more dynamic concepts of culture, language and secularism or religion studies because when the questions are there in combination with perspective in combination with what the easy questions of human geography but when this culture this subjectivity comes you often tend to what not attempt the case of what the subjective questions of human geography in part B and you often go towards what more technical questions which you don't know inside out of geomorphology of climatology at times of maybe biogeography that combo you want to what you will be what attempting it so that becomes what a point of irritation now I'm giving 5 minutes to you please let me know what all is your concern regarding perspective so that we can what start decoding it from day one itself what all assistance you require from my side apart from the content we will be discing ing here and any other feedback for all those students who have covered the case of models, theories and laws with me can please can please give your feedback in the comment section of YouTube so that other people who are watching can also what take a taste of it that are we doing are we doing some level of hard work in understanding in understanding what in understanding the case of geography option understanding the case of geography option. All this will be what shared and give it a read. Give it a read and I will be sharing some more content. Of course, these are the pointers which you have that you can what use the monoparentric phase the case of QR see image of subject matter what was there the core theories and laws we have stage four the multiparentic phase.
So this was the case there was behavioral geography there was humanistic geography there was what radical geography important scholars their works has been given then further we have got stage five evolution of contemporary frameworks. So from the crisis phase of late 1980s and 1990s we reached into this particular monoparadic tendency phase and that is main parad is technocentric environmentalism applied management and what spatial tracking etc etc is there the crisis phase it has written about one paragraph on this the contemporary era late 1990s present we will be having what this convergence of critical geographies is there and finally we have this statement we'll be reading it line by line in the next class as well. Perfect. Please let me know once you are done.
Is there anything any specific doubt that you have which we can discuss in general in geography? Please let me know.
Please let me know is saying everything is structured inter linkage and answer become easy very much helpful. Thank you so much Anchula.
You're a part of our course as well.
Thank you so much. Bupendra is also part of the course. Thank you bupendra also for the review and I will try my best to give whatever I can from my side to you in the domain of geography options so that you will not be at any information asymmetry.
Yes. Yes. Yes. Adita, in the next class we have to do what? We have to solve all these questions and I will be giving some model answers also some handwritten answers also and some structuring we'll be doing in the class. Let us see the structuring. I came prepared with this topic with this question of what with this question of what there is rejuvenation of environmentalism as a paradium in recent times full stop comment. So there was this entire structuring that I used to what give you in the class. Of course this structuring has been given to you only after giving you the due only after giving you the due content on it. This is the structuring of that what 20 marker which came and I will be giving the content.
This type of structuring will be done some where we will be writing the full answers and some we'll be giving as answers and model answers because we are here essentially revising also and that revision will actually bridge that gap which is there between your foundation and which is there between your what between your advanced preparation for main 7. So this was a short class today.
I will be taking another class in this week and then one on Friday. I will be uploading the tentative schedule to all the students.
Nihar is saying I have got more clarity than before sir rather than haphazard learning. This way of going with questions is really helpful and focused making consolidation much much easier.
So Nihar is also a part of our enrolled student in Geon Navigator 300 plus. Thank you Nihar. Thank you so much for the review. Perfect. So with this thought we are wrapping up today's class. It was nice connecting with you all. Thank you and have a nice day. I will be uploading this. Go through this.
It is already 5 10 pages of content that we have amassed again for the domain of what? For the domain of the core of Yes, Prashan sa you can refer this much content don't have to go either way.
Just refer this content it will be what it will be helpful for you.
Perfect. So with this thought we are wrapping up today's class. It was nice connecting with you all. Again I will be scheduling a class and then on Friday and we will be what comprehensively covering the case of perspectives. Once they this is done the pace will become fast the process will become easy and with respect to human geography I will teach much much better what the case of physical geography as well and so that we'll be comprehensively covering all these things in paper two our effort will become less because we are putting more effort in what paper one and so paper two essentially is focusing on answer writing and providing you the latest updated data sets and diagrams and maps that you can draw there. So that will be our focus in paper two and paper one is that foundation building paper and we'll be completing it by December the syllabus and the course. I know we are a bit lagging behind but I will be taking more sessions. I will be what speed speedifying the process with more handwritten answers and more written exemplifications in the coming classes.
Thank you and have a nice day.
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