Pain is processed in the brain, not just at the injury site, which means we can reduce pain perception through distraction techniques; in an experiment, one person could tolerate heat up to 48.2°C while another only 45.2°C, demonstrating that focusing on relaxing thoughts helps the brain cope with pain more effectively.
Deep Dive
Prerequisite Knowledge
- No data available.
Where to go next
- No data available.
Deep Dive
Heat Machine Operation Ouch
Added:operation out.
[music] He's Dr. Chris and he's Dr. Z. Yep. We're twins. Do you know just how brilliant your body really is?
>> Well, now's the time [music] to find out. We'll be uncovering the ins and outs of what you're made of.
>> I've got a big hole in my head.
>> We'll be doing awesome experiments as we push our own bodies to the limits.
>> It's very hard to think it's so cold >> to show you all the incredible things your body can do.
>> Oh, no.
Hang around because this is going to be fun.
Coming up today on Operation Ouch.
There's a pong in the air.
>> Oh, that's awful.
>> When Chris finds out why we sweat, I join paramedics on a life-saving mission. And we turn the temperature up to show you how our bodies deal with pain.
But first, hospital doctors and nurses always expect the unexpected. Let's see how they fix our first patient.
>> In Liverpool, [music] six-year-old Benjamin is in accident in emergency.
And I think there might be something wrong with his hand.
>> Trapped my finger in the door.
>> Trapped your finger in the door?
>> Yep. Don't know why. I just had a hunch it was his hand.
>> Bleeding.
>> But how on earth did that happen?
Benjamin was in the car on his way to school with his mom. He was enjoying the ride.
>> Wa. What's this? It's a pretty cool ride to school.
Well, I just thought I'd do something a bit different. But back to reality. As they pulled up at the school gate, Benjamin rushed to get out of the car.
But as he slammed the car door shut, his hand was in the way and chopped his fingertip off. Ouch.
>> I looked at it and I thought, he's cut the top. He's cut the top of his finger off.
>> So, where's the end of that finger?
>> I found it.
>> Oh, that's good.
>> Stuck on the car. He's just stickked on the car.
>> Ah, that's not so good.
>> Meet plastic surgeon Dr. Charlotte Defty. If anyone can sort out that finger, she can.
>> It's bleeding.
>> Is it bleeding a little bit? Is that okay if I have a little look?
>> I'm going to cut this dressing off. I'll keep away from your finger. You don't have to [music] look again till it's mended.
>> No.
>> Oh, that looks sore. But luckily, not too [music] much is missing.
>> Where it's come off is basically just where the nail grows from. will have to just smooth off the bone on the end and try [music] and get the skin just to cover over the end. Otherwise, you can end up with splinters of nail that [music] stick out. That can be a problem.
>> So, there's a chance Benjamin won't have a fingernail, but it's more important he has a fully working finger.
>> In time, you'll just have a slightly shorter finger um and you will [music] be able to use it completely normally.
>> It's at times like this when you need a comforting word from your dad.
>> That's going to be your nickname, Stumpy.
>> Yeah, nice one, Dad. With the plans [music] in place, we'll be back to find out how Benjamin's surgery goes later on.
Now, we're heading [music] to our lab where we're going to put our bodies to the test to show you how your body works. Ah, that really hurt. Just don't try anything you see here at home.
Ow. Did that hurt? Yes. Get off. Okay.
What about this? No, but get off. I don't like it. [music] We all experience pain. You've got over three million pain receptors throughout your body. But some areas like this have more receptors than other areas like this. Now, I know I shouldn't be pinching you, but it was all to explain pain receptors.
Pain receptors [music] are specialized nerve endings. They act as messengers.
So, when they detect something painful, they tell your brain you're hurt.
>> Pain can be really useful sometimes because it stops you accidentally damaging your body. But why is it we feel pain differently in different situations? Sometimes you can stub your toe and be in terrible agony. Other times you cut yourself really badly playing football and you don't notice till the end of the match. And that's because pain is in your brain. And this means that you can reduce the amount of pain you experience. And we're going to show you how.
>> But before I show you this clever trick, I'm going to inflict a little bit of pain on [music] Zand so that we can see how a person reacts normally.
>> Oh, good. This is a heat stimulation thermo.
>> It's a pain machine.
>> I'm going to put it on the back of Zan's hand and turn up the temperature until he can't stand it anymore.
>> Then I'm going to do the same to him and we'll see who can take more pain. It's a little bit dramatic, isn't it?
>> This medical [music] device is used by scientists to test people's sensitivity.
The end of the rod will get increasingly hot the more I [music] turn this dial up. It won't burn, but let's see how much heat Zhand can take by letting his body send pain [music] signals to his brain just like normal. Okay. Ready, Zand?
>> Yep.
>> It's not on yet. Put your hand back. All right. So, that's the temperature on of the probe. [music] I'm going to start turning it up. Oh, okay.
>> Remember, we can only do this [music] because we're doctors.
>> Yeah, it gets warm. Yeah, it's warm now.
>> Let's turn it up a bit more. I >> I can definitely feel that there's a hot thing. Ah, yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. And a bit more again.
So that that's really burning now. Yeah.
Yeah. Ow. Ow. Ow. Yeah. That's enough.
That's enough. That's enough. That's enough.
>> Xander's managed to stand [music] the pain up to a temperature of 45.2°.
>> It was definitely painful. It [music] wasn't just you kind of wimping out.
>> No, it was painful. It was getting more painful. And there was definitely a moment where it just suddenly was just like, "Oh, no, no. I want to take my hand away now. That's too painful."
>> Okay, my go now. Now, I'm going to try the same thing on Chris. [music] >> Only I've got a trick up my sleeve. I'm going to distract my brain, and that means I should be able to take more pain than Zand.
>> So, let's see how long Chris can last.
[music] Chris, this is going to hurt you a lot more than it's going to hurt me.
>> We'll see about that. I'm going to use a different technique to Zand. I'm going to distract myself and I'm going to [music] really pretend that this doesn't hurt. And I reckon I can take more pain.
I'm on a beach. I'm on a really sunny beach. I'm feeling really good.
>> You're not on a beach, Chris. You're in a lab [music] with a red hot probe sticking into your hand.
>> It's not red hot. It's barely hot. Is it on?
>> How's that beach feeling now?
>> The V is quite hot now.
>> Okay. Okay. I'm done. I'm done.
[laughter] I'm done.
>> So, let me tell you how you did. 48.2°.
[music] >> So, that beats you by 3°.
>> No.
>> Yeah.
>> Really?
>> Yeah.
>> There's absolutely no way I could have gone another 3°.
>> Yeah, it really does work. So, next time you've got to go to the doctors [music] and have an injection, try it and see how you get on.
>> Yes, it's a clever trick. If you think of something relaxing, you'll find it easier to cope with pain.
>> Don't feel a thing.
[screaming] >> Ouch.
>> It's not only teams in hospitals that deal with the unexpected. [music] Wherever you are, if you have an accident, there'll be a medical crew on standby, ready to help. We're going on call with the UK's emergency services heading into the thick of the action to help save lives. Now it's Chris's turn on the front line.
This is a rapid [music] response vehicle belonging to the West Midlands Ambulance Service and it's designed to get a paramedic to the scene of an emergency within minutes.
[music] On call with me today is paramedic Ben White.
[music] And it's not long before an emergency call comes in. So, we've been called to [music] the home of an 84 year old lady who's fallen over and pushed her lifeline button. And that's a button that she can press that will summon help like us.
So, at the moment, we have no idea what we're going to turn up and find. We don't know why [music] she's pushed the button. So, James has got his camera and I've got mine. So, I can take you with me right to the [music] heart of the action. We don't know how extreme the situation is, but Ben gets there fast in just 2 [music] and 1/2 minutes. It's vital we get into the house as quickly as we can. The patient could be seriously hurt.
>> Hello, my darling. It's the ambulance service.
>> We're in and we find a lady called Lotty who's fallen over.
>> What actually happened?
>> I went to the chair was too short and I was a definite sort of fall if like you didn't black out or collapse or anything.
>> Okie dokie. Paramedic Ben needs to [music] examine Lotty to check for any serious injuries.
>> Any pain there? No. No.
>> Okay. Any pain down your back?
>> No. [music] >> Have you got any pain in your hips at all?
>> No.
>> No.
>> Should we get you up then?
>> Yeah.
>> We're going to pick you [music] up together and put you back on the chair.
>> When you fall over, it's easy to get back up. But as you get older, your muscles get [music] weaker and that makes it much harder to move.
>> How you feeling?
>> I feel tired.
>> Not dizzy?
>> No.
>> Good. There you go. Got it.
>> So, Ben's [music] just going to do some thorough checks and make sure that all we have to do here is put her back in the chair and then she's safe.
>> At the moment, everything's sort of looking [music] okay. Your blood pressure is very good. No injuries that we can find. Check Lotty out, all sort of observations and everything seem fine. Lotty's got carers that come in four times a day and she's got the pendant around her neck. So, if she does become unwell or anything changes, she can always press that and we'll always come back.
It's good news for Lotty, but now she's in big trouble [music] with her friend Anne.
>> You tell me off.
>> I tell you off. Yes, cuz you shouldn't have got out of the chair.
>> You're never too old to be told off. Is that right? I still I still get told off.
>> All right then, Lotty, we'll leave you be then, sweetheart.
>> Take care. Bye-bye.
>> If someone falls and they can't get up and no one finds them, even for a few hours, that can be really serious.
Luckily, Lotty's got the button around her neck. So, we were able to be here within a few minutes. Ben's put in the chair and now she's smiling and laughing and it's a really good result. Thanks to paramedics like Ben who can get to a scene fast, you'll never be more than a few minutes away from emergency medical care.
Still to come, I put on some high heels in the name of medical research. Things get whiffy when Chris finds out why we sweat.
>> Oh, grim. and we'll show you how to mystify your friends with another mindbending trick. Wow, that's amazing.
And so's this. Into a darkened room steps a man. But this is no ordinary man. So what makes him so special? Is it the red hair? [music] No, Chris. Is it the shades? No, Chris.
Hm. Is it the sword?
>> Well, almost. In fact, this man is hiding an amazing body. Yes. Meet the mighty Gareth. And he has mastered the art of swallowing a sword.
Sword swallowing is a skill that takes years of practice and training. So don't ever try this at home because it would actually kill you. When Gareth swallows his sword, it goes down his throat all the way into his stomach, [music] narrowly missing his heart and lungs.
In fact, [music] if he made even one mistake, he'd be dead.
And there's even more to this skill than precision. To do this amazing trick, Gareth has to [music] make his body fight its natural desire to reject the sword.
>> The gag reflex at the back of the throat there. That makes you just want to be sick.
>> Yes, I feel that just watching. And it's taken Gareth [music] years to learn how to maneuver the sword past the vital organs in his body safely. The hardest bit is relaxing while doing something which is totally unreing.
>> You can say that again. I'm not sure he can with that sword in his mouth. And in case you thought it was all a big trick, >> it isn't. Now that's amazing.
That's not amazing. [music] Sand. Let's go to accident and emergency and see how our patients getting along.
Six-year-old [music] Benjamin is in hospital with 10 fingers, but only nine fingertips. He was rushing to get out of the car when [music] he accidentally closed the door on his hand and chop the top of his finger off. Having [music] been examined by Dr. Charlotte Defty, Benjamin gets gowned up and the surgical team prepare to operate.
First things first, though, Benjamin's having a general anesthetic [music] to send him to sleep.
>> Now, nobody's ever got to 20. Can you count and see if you can get to 20 for me?
>> One, two, three.
>> A general anesthetic is a combination of drugs which when they enter your body, put you into a temporary state of unconsciousness, keep you still, and reduce the body's normal reactions to pain.
>> 12.
>> Benjamin's [snorts] still counting, but will he make it to 20 [music] before the anesthetic kicks in?
>> 60.
>> I don't think so.
>> But now he's fast asleep. Dr. Charlotte can get started. Check out those specs.
They might look weird, but they will magnify Benjamin's [music] finger, making it look three and 1 half times bigger and easier for Dr. Charlotte to work on. Get ready [music] for some fiddly finger work. First, Dr. Charlotte has to nibble away at the bone. Only when it's lower than the [music] level of the flesh can the soft tissue be close together.
Then, it's time for some stitches.
Finger fixed and dressing [music] on.
The operation's all done.
>> Everything went very smoothly. He'll be able to go home later today as soon as he recovers from the general anesthetic.
>> 2 hours later, Benjamin's awake and looking happy. And it's time for Dad to offer some more words of comfort.
>> How's your feeling now?
>> Fine.
>> You sure?
>> Yeah.
>> How do you know? Cuz it's not.
>> Yeah, you really do need to [music] work on the TLC, Dad. Anyway, Dr. Charlotte's here to check up on her patient and deliver some surprise news.
>> He will have a nail. Okay, >> smash it.
>> Just be a little bit shorter than it was before.
>> Great result. He'll have a nail after all.
>> And your fingertip will grow as well. It just won't quite be as big as the other fingertip on the other hand.
>> Nice one, Doc. You've nailed it.
>> We've got loads of amazing body tricks to show you. Here's how to confuse your friend's brains using just water.
Right, [music] this is cool, Zand. I need a bowl full of ice cold water. And now I need a bowl full of medium temperature water. And now I need a bowl full of hot water. Hot from the [music] tap, not from a kettle. I'm going to put this hand now in the ice cold water. And this hand [music] in the hot water. And I'm going to leave them there for 1 minute.
>> [music] >> And now I'm going to put both hands in the middle bowl. And that is really weird. So the hand that was in the ice water feels boiling hot. And the hand that was in the hot water feels freezing cold. I'm in a state of total neural confusion. Zand, what is going on?
>> Well, for the hand that was in the cold water, the warm sensing nerves in Chris's skin became much [music] more active and all the cold senses were shut off. This fooled the brain into thinking his cold hand was hot.
And for the hand in hot [music] water, it was the other way around. So, the cold sensing nerves in my skin became more active and all the hot senses were shut off. This fooled my brain into thinking my hot hand was cold. Try it out on your friends and confuse their brains.
Ouch.
Now it's time for [music] us to hit the hospitals to show you what goes on.
Today we're in the Gates lab.
Walking. Most of us don't think about [music] it that much. But what is it?
What affects it? And most importantly, why am I wearing this outfit?
I'm here at Alder Haye Hospital in Liverpool at a special laboratory, the Gate Lab, and I'm going to get some answers.
All walks are different [music] and your own style of walking is your gate. The gate lab manager Jill Holmes is here [music] to tell me more.
>> People that come to usually have something wrong with them. The doctors that are looking after them want to understand what it is that is making them walk in an odd way and what do we do about it. So basically, the more you [music] know about someone's walk, the more that doctors can make decisions about how to do surgery, how to reposition muscles, how to help people do exercises to get them better. In this amazing room, sophisticated cameras and computer technology help create 3D models of your walk.
>> So, we will look at them very accurately and we'll describe how they're walking and what they're doing wrong.
>> Yes, but why am I dressed in this ridiculous outfit? So that we know where you are and what you're doing, we have to put little markers on you.
>> Time to put my best foot forward. Let's start walking.
>> Off you go. [music] >> Walk and try.
[music] >> So I've done my walking and now I'm going to have a look at the 3D model of me and see what's going on.
>> You have got a normal efficient way of walking. Is this the kind of walk that a a really cool person would have, like a movie star or a dancer or something like that?
>> Um, it's it's an ordinary walk.
>> It's an ordinary walk.
>> So, my barefoot walk looks good, but most of the time we [music] wear shoes.
Are >> there any kinds of shoes that are bad for you?
>> Um, yes, there are shoes that are bad for you. Shoes that are too too small or girls tend to wear shoes that are too high. Put them on.
>> You got them in a different color.
Chris can see me now.
>> Jill wants to show me how shoes can affect the way your muscles and joints work.
>> There I go. I'm gaining a bit of confidence now.
I think they're quite impressed.
But as I discover, it's [music] really hard to walk fast.
By looking at my stick figure, you can see that my knees never straighten in heels, which has a big knock-on effect on the rest of [music] my body. So, you can see how bad it would be for someone to wear [music] heels the entire time.
>> You'd expect them to have foot problems.
You'd expect them to [music] start to have some knee, hip, and back problems.
>> In fact, all styles of shoes can affect your body. And [music] no matter what you wear on your feet, it's really important that your shoes fit properly.
I've learned that my walk is [music] basically normal. We've also seen how much shoes affect the way you walk. But most tragically, my ambitions to be a catwalk model have been destroyed.
[music] Thanks, Jill.
How much sweat does the average adult produce in a year? Is it A enough [music] to fill a large water pistol? B, enough to fill a bucket, or C, enough to fill a family car.
>> In fact, the answer is C, enough to fill a family car. 1,264 [music] L to be precise.
This is a case for investigation. Ouch.
Your feet have over 250,000 sweat glands.
Sweat is mainly salt and water, but when you mix it with the otherwise harmless bacteria that live on my feet and the warm, moist socks that they live in, it's a real feast. And what you're smelling is the waste products from the bacteria.
This is Lur University, the place to come to study all things sweaty.
We're going to find out why we sweat and find out where we sweat [music] the most. Using some high-tech equipment and this sweat collection vest, [music] we're going to collect Chris's sweat.
Now, I've got to run on this treadmill in this room, which is kept at 50° C.
And I promise you that is really hot. If your bath was this hot, you'd burn yourself.
>> Off you go, then.
>> I'm just jogging. You know, if I was doing this outside, this would be relatively easy. And I've just got these fans in front of me blowing hot air at me. Running in a room which is 50° is causing [music] Chris's body temperature to rise dramatically.
If it rose to the same temperature as the room, he'd definitely be dead.
So, I need to lose heat. And it's very hard to lose heat when the air around you is hotter than you need to be. And the only way you can do it is by sweating.
>> So the reason we sweat is [music] to take the heat energy away from our bodies to allow us to cool down when we get hot.
>> Doesn't work very well when you put on a bin bag that stops you evaporating the sweat.
>> True, but you can't stop running yet.
[music] The sweat Chris is producing is not only full of salt. There are other things lurking in there, too. And in fact, sweat is a lot like your pee. It's a lot like urine. So you can think about that next time you're licking it off your upper lip. Gross. [music] I think we've got enough sweat, though.
>> Okay, let's uh stop Chris.
>> This is Professor George Havith, an expert in sweat. Well, it's a smelly job, but somebody's got to do it. He's weighing all the pads from Chris's [music] vest and shoes to find out how much sweat he's made and where the most sweat has come from. So, you just measured me and I'm a kilo lighter now than I was at the beginning of my run.
[music] And that is that much sweat that I've made, which is quite a lot in half an hour, isn't it?
>> It is a lot. Yes. Uh, typically top athletes would go up to 3 to 4 L. I think you was just over a liter in half an hour, 40 minutes. That's a great performance, I would say.
>> I'm slightly offended. Slightly offended. I thought I was a top athlete.
>> Dream on, Chris. Anyway, let's find out where you were the sweatiest.
>> We compare the different values for the pets. What we see is that you sweat it at a lot more on on your back on your spine rather than on the front.
>> Really?
>> And that's typically what we find in general when we measure people. The sweatiest part of your body is your forehead with almost everybody. Usually about double the amount of the rest of the [music] body. And then the back is the second part. What about my feet?
>> Yeah. Surprisingly enough, feet sweat a lot less than we think. Usually usually we have feet in shoes and that of course encapsulates the sweat and that's why we think they're very sweaty. But when we exercise, feet sweat only about a fifth of the rest of your body.
>> So, we now know that Chris's feet are not the sweatiest part of his body. But are they the smelliest? Let's find out.
>> So, I've been running in the heat room.
I've sweated masses. But which smells worse? The pads from my body or my feet.
>> You've got to find someone willing to have a whiff first, though.
>> No thanks.
>> No thanks. You sure?
>> Just smell my trainers?
>> No.
>> First sweat from his body. What do you think?
>> Not very nice.
It's not a great smell to be honest.
[laughter] >> Okay, try a [music] trainer.
>> Oh, that's awful. Disgusting.
>> Oh, yeah. They're bad.
>> Oh, grim.
>> Anyway, [music] I think we've got a whiffy winner. My feet were by a long way the smelliest. And I don't find that surprising. These are Zans's trainers.
Oh, that's where they went. [music] But it's clear that despite our feet being less sweaty than other parts of our bodies, they are indeed smellier.
And that's because they're wrapped up in shoes every day.
But without sweat, your body wouldn't be able to regulate its temperature, and you simply wouldn't survive.
In the UK, over 5 million people each year have to visit an emergency department, and some cases are stranger than others. Let's meet the next patient.
In Liverpool, 14-year-old Kyle has come in complaining of a sore and swollen hand after a runin [music] with a wall.
>> When I woke up the next morning, when it was just swollen and bruised and hurting, >> hang on a minute. What happened with this wall?
>> Kyle was in his Spanish class at school in the middle of an oral exam. The teacher was firing questions at him.
[music] The questions were coming thick and fast. I like the lizard koim.
Uh-oh. He'd forgotten everything he knew. Frustrated and [music] angry with himself, he shot out of the classroom.
It was then that the wall, completely unprovoked, suddenly and brutally hit Kyle's hand. Okay. Kyle whacked the wall with his hand. Ouch.
It >> was a stupid thing to do.
>> See, a stupido. But that hand does look pretty painful. I was doing swimming yesterday in school PE. That hurt. Just touching the water in me.
>> Let's get you looked at then, Kyle.
>> You'll have to fess up to Sister Joe what you've done though. Mia, amigo.
>> I had a Spanish test and [music] I failed. So, I got angry and disappointed and I just hit the wall.
>> I can see the bruising there. What we'll do is we'll send you for an X-ray and [music] take it from there.
>> X-ray it is then. And I have a feeling it's going to be more than a sprain. And while we wait for [music] the results, come on, Carl. Let's have another go at that Spanish. How do you say I've hurt my hand? And with the wolves trembling with fear in case he gets it wrong, >> my smile.
>> That'll do. Wolves, relax. He's got it.
Enter Dr. Bimmel Meta. He's been checking out Kyle's X-rays to find out why that hand hurts.
>> If you look on this side, you can see it's all nice and smooth. But here, there's a funny bump.
>> Yep. That funny bump might not look like much, but it's actually a painful fracture. Better break the news to Kyle.
>> As expected, because walls are harder than bones. The walls one and your bones have broken. That's called a boxer's fracture.
>> Boxers fractures are one of the most common handbrekes doctors see. Usually caused when a closed fist hits something immovable, like a wall. They can be extremely painful. So the next time you feel frustrated, you might just want to stop and think.
>> It's not a serious fracture. The main thing he's going to have is that it's going to be sore over the next two to three weeks.
>> Luckily for Kyle, there's no big plaster cast.
>> Okay, so if you just keep that clean and dry, >> fingers strapped together and he's on his way home. Adios, amigo.
Operation Ouch.
Related Videos

What is neurodegeneration?
TheSheekeyScienceShow
3K views•2019-08-19

IPL - Ruth Empson "Mind the Gap"
otagouniversity
251 views•2019-07-08

How our body shapes our mind | Pancho Tolchinsky | TEDxNapoli
TEDx
2K views•2019-12-05

Impact of Early Life Deprivation Danielle Stolzenberg Marcus Pembrey Bruce McEwen
uctv
4K views•2019-12-01

β-Caryophyllene for Parkinson’s: Protecting Dopamine & Easing Symptoms
parkinsonsdiseaseeducation
6K views•2025-08-09

New Insights from Inside the Brain with Rodrigo Braga, PhD
NUFeinbergMed
421 views•2025-04-14

Highlights for dystonia • 2025 MDS Congress
movedisorder
145 views•2025-10-27

Animal Welfare Synergy Series: Dr Tom Smulders on hippocampal neurogenesis
costactionlift
135 views•2025-07-14
Trending

Playstation NO DISC/NO BUY Fight Is Over...
DavidJaffeGames
4K views•2026-07-23

Steam and Xbox Just Dropped The Hammer On PlayStation
OhNoItsAlexx
9K views•2026-07-23

Americans Confused in Australia for 17 Minutes Straight
IWrocker
17K views•2026-07-23

SuperBike Factory Has Gone... What's Next for the Motorcycle Industry?
thatbikersimon
11K views•2026-07-22