L-47 -NIPER JEE 2026 | Pharmaceutical Technology: Preformulation | 360 Series

[00:00:00]Our topic today is going to be that one is the pre-formulation. Ok?

[00:00:04]Pharmaceutical Technology will be based on previous year questions and all the important questions will also be solved.

[00:00:14]Most of the questions were asked last year only.

[00:00:17]Sniper ji is the question in 2025.

[00:00:20]What technique is used to determine the surface area and pore structure of the pharmaceutical powders? Wherever there is surface area, which of these techniques do we use to determine what to do with that surface area? The first option is Coin Shop. The second one is the Anderson prepaid. The third one is the optical microscopy and the fourth one is the counter counter method. It is very easy son. We are going to look for answers at this place.

[00:00:50]Points method. What do we do with the points method? They work to determine the surface area.

[00:00:58]Took a sample of the powder. What do we do with nitrogen gas? We pass over the powder surface.

[00:01:04]And whatever gas will be absorbed on our surface area. On that basis, through the weight equation, we find out how much gas is being absorbed at that place. The surface area can be determined on that basis.

[00:01:21]Watch the process carefully.

[00:01:24]You will understand this very easily.

[00:01:27]This One Is The Sample Powder.

[00:01:30]Nitrogen gas over the sample powder. In the exam you may also be asked which gas is used? Will you do it with helium, will you do it with nitrogen, will you do it with X and Z, what else? So, we use nitrogen in this place and this absorption will happen on the basis of its surface area and what do we do on this basis? We also calculate its surface area using the weight equation.

[00:01:55]This is a very easy question. It is mentioned in the pre-formulation. I hope you will be able to see this thing very well.

[00:02:00]Similarly, in the question you saw that we also use the coins method to determine the pore structure.

[00:02:09]Pore structure. Now suppose we pass nitrogen gas over it. If this is a pore structure, then interference will occur. On the basis of gases, it can also be known that what will happen to the pore structure in this structure.

[00:02:24]Next let's come to the next question. Same question has been asked on Hyper G 202.

[00:02:33]The solubility enhancement of the caffeine by the sodium benzoate is an example of what I told you earlier in theory about the factors affecting the solubility. What are the factors that work to enhance solubility?

[00:02:49]They also had co-solvency, muscular solubilization, hydrotrophy, complexation and many such modifications of pH can be done. Isn't it?

[00:03:01]And besides, there was the dialectic constant.

[00:03:03]Similarly, we saw this place inside the hydrotuff. Hydrotropy means additive, if we have to add to the solubility of something then what do we do? Let's add additives. For example, sodium benzoate will work as an edge additive to increase the solubility of caffeine.

[00:03:22]And that one is the hydrotrophic. Speaking of hydrotrophic agents.

[00:03:26]And the process is known as hydrotrophic. Ok? Next came. I remembered that the whole drug is the water and this drug will be hydrophobic. For additive substance caffeine it could be sodium benzoate, caffeine may have been asked, iodine may have been asked, benzoic acid may have been asked, so go through this entire table carefully, next comes the same question asked in NIPER G2 from prefillation, according to the IP which of the following can be used as the cosolvent, which of these is an example of cosolvents, it would be acetone, it would be water, it would be glycerin, it would be benzoic acid, cosolvents are such agents which will work to enhance the solubility of our drug which is hydrophobic.

[00:04:14]So there's glycerin, there's sorbitol, there's PPG, there's PG. They are all examples of the co-solvents that work to enhance their solubility. Will our son get the answer? The answer will be glycerin. I had also given this example that whatever drug it is, it will be insoluble. It is insoluble in water.

[00:04:35]But what will happen to the same drug in solvents? It will be soluble. We will solubilize it and after that we increase its solubility by adding soluble drugs and cose solvents in water.

[00:04:49]Next comes the question of Polymers is not determined by Hyper G 2024.

[00:04:56]Optical crystallography Hot stage microscopy Solubility analysis and DTA Differential thermal analysis Which of these methods cannot be used to determine polymorphs? Solvability analysis is a very simple question.

[00:05:14]Polymorphism is to be determined. I had told 13 methods. There was no chromatography in them and at this place a different option is coming.

[00:05:25]Solvability analysis has nothing to do with polymorphism at this point.

[00:05:30]Optical crystallography is done, hot stage microscopy is done, DST is done, DTA is done, right? So we use all this to determine polyamorous relationships.

[00:05:40]You can also see the complete list at this place. There 's XRD, polarized light microscopy, optical crystallography, FTIR, NMR, dielectrometry, these are all the methods that we use to determine the polymorphs. Next comes what is hot stage microscopy used to study? Son. Along with this, you are also solving MCQs and the important theory portion of these is also getting clear along with it.

[00:06:11]If he just sits down to get the theory done then it is not that possible. Getting so many summarized forms done for so many classes is another thing that there will be no interest in it.

[00:06:21]So both these tasks are being done simultaneously.

[00:06:23]So hot stage microscopy is used to study which of these?

[00:06:29]Ok? Options will appear for particle size, surface area, crystal and purity. So we do this for its crystal structures and polymorphism. Hot stage microscopes do it for everyone.

[00:06:41]And we use hot stage microscopy to determine the pseudo polymorphs, which means the crystal structure. Even before this, I have told you about this thing many times that through hot stage microscopy we determine all the pseudopolymers.

[00:07:02]Meaning, crystal structures are determined.

[00:07:07]Ok? Let's come to the next part. Amorphous compound is not determined by flame method, X-ray powder diffraction method, differential scanning chlorometric method and dynamic vapor sorption method. Which of the following methods cannot be used to determine amorphous substances? This is a question of Sniper ji 2023.

[00:07:32]Which of these methods? So what will be the answer? That One is a Love Method. Ok?

[00:07:41]What do we do with all the other methods that exist? Amorphous determines the substance. There is another question about Sniper G23. Arrange them in the decreasing order. Solubility Analysis. In solubility analysis, in decreasing order of these, okay, in decreasing order, how will we arrange them, the slightly soluble second one is soluble, the third one is the springy soluble and the fourth one is the soluble very soluble and so that the highest one for you will be very soluble, after very soluble comes soluble very soluble, after that comes soluble, after that comes springy soluble and the one which will be the lowest one is the slightly soluble. Ok?

[00:08:28]We have talked about its trick many times and many times questions also arise from this range, from this place, from the solubility expression.

[00:08:37]Next come delinquent substances. Sniper G 2022 There are three types of substances. One is hygroscopic, one is deliquescent and one is effervescent substances. Ok? So, the efflorescent ones, E for Efflorescent E for Exit the water, means they exit the water from within themselves and they bring themselves into dry form, into crystal form.

[00:09:04]Ok? The second one is Daily Quiescent D for Delicate D for Drink, which means they drink water and drink so much that they become completely liquefied.

[00:09:17]And the third one is hygroscopic.

[00:09:19]Hygroscopic ones also absorb moisture but they do not liquefy.

[00:09:24]That is the difference between the daily constant substance and the hygroscopic substance. We must definitely know this part also.

[00:09:31]So D for Delicious D for Drink Water. You have to remember it with this trick.

[00:09:39]D for Delicious D for Drink the Water. And it will become completely liquefied. The difference between hygroscopic substances and deli croissants is that they liquefy. But substances that are hygroscopic slightly absorb moisture. Ok? Ok?

[00:10:02]Keep this range in mind also. It is possible that this question may be given to you from this range also.

[00:10:07]This also has to be focused on. Next comes ethanol which enhances the solubility of the drug in the water. Soap known as ethanol enhances the solubility of the drug.

[00:10:18]That is why we know it as a solubilizing agent.

[00:10:23]Known as a hydrotropic agent. Ethanol is known as a cose solvent or complexing agent.

[00:10:30]So there's ethanol, there's sorbitol, there's glycerin. These all are the examples of the cose solvents. Isn't it? So what will be the answer to this? The option will be C. That One Is The Cos These work like solvents.

[00:10:45]Ok? Option C has been mentioned many times. It's ethanol, it's diethyl amine, it's sorbitol, it's glycerin, it's PPG, it's PG. They all are the example of the cose solvents. Let us come to the next question, son.

[00:11:00]Weight equation. Even before this, we had just discussed what happens in cois? We pass nitrogen and after the adsorption, we determine its surface area through the Betz equation.

[00:11:14]So option number C this one is the adsorption method. Bet equation will give nitrogen and what do we do with this method? Surface area is also determined. Similarly, there is also the air permeability method through which we determine the surface area.

[00:11:30]Poisson's equation and the Kozeny carbon equation related to the air permeability method. Next comes the order of the solubility of the different forms of the drug is this question of Niperji 2019. Solability You may also be asked to provide stability instead of solitude at this point.

[00:11:52]So there are two types of substances. One is crystalline and the other is morphous.

[00:11:57]Crystalline substances are more stable because the attachments of their atoms to each other are in a very arranged form and are very compact. So where there will be a lot of attachment.

[00:12:12]Obviously the solubility will be less.

[00:12:14]You have been asked about solubility, so the solubility of crystalline is low. The atoms of Amphoras are far away. Therefore, the solubility of Amphos will be higher. Ok?

[00:12:25]This is the part we have to see. The one that is stable will be more crystalline. Whatever is soluble will be more amorphous.

[00:12:32]We have to take care of this part. So if we look at solubility, amorphous is the most soluble. After that meta soluble after that our stable form. Ok?

[00:12:42]Next let's come to the next question.

[00:12:45]This is the question of Naiperji 2019. How is Cyclodexin used? How do we use Cyclodexin? As a solubility enhancing agent, as a hydrotypic agent, as a preservative or all of these?

[00:13:05]How do we use Cyclodexin? It will do a little like preservatives. It's not a hydrotropic agent, son. This is a complexing agent through which what do we do? Will work to enhance the solubility of the drug.

[00:13:18]And even before this, we have told you many times about what we do with Cycloxin as a solubility enhancing agent? Let's use it. Next comes microscopy which is suitable for measuring particle sizes in the range.

[00:13:38]When we saw that tabular form somewhere that on the basis of the range of particle size, that is, with the help of which instrument or which apparatus, how much size range of particle size can we measure, then it has been asked in this place about microscopy, so what will be our answer in microscopy, it can be from 0.2 to 100, even up to 100 or 50, if you have given this then it will be correct for you, 0.2 to and in Lachman's book 150 is also given. And this question has also been asked in the previous year examination of JEE Main in 2025.

[00:14:17]Ok? So take a look at this entire tabular form. However, look, in the same book, some data has been given in Lachman's book also, some data has been given in reverse order.

[00:14:29]However, the data that has been given to you has been created by us by taking it from the standard books. So if you take care of this part then it will be better. Coming next. Which of the following solvent systems is used to determine the partition coefficient of the drug? This is a question from Sniper ji 2016. Which of these solvent systems do we use to determine the partition coefficient of the drug? The most famous one is the octanol and water.

[00:15:05]Our answer will be correct. Ok? I had told you too.

[00:15:09]Ok? If our partition coefficient is greater than one and less than one, then there will be hydrophilicity and there will be lipophilicity. It has also been mentioned that if the value of partition coefficient is greater than one then our drug is lipophilic and if it is less then we call it hydrophilic agent. Ok? Mechanism of the beta cyclooxin for the solubilization is pH modification, cosolvency, salt formation and complexation. Son, I would definitely like to tell you one thing that when you sit in the exam hall, you will see all these questions being repeated, you will definitely feel like, oh friend, we know all these things, that is why there is no need to worry at all, keep doing your revision, keep some focus on non-pharma. Whatever I have told you about pharmacy, that is more than enough. Isn't it? That's why pay attention. So our answer will be D. Coming next.

[00:16:16]Solvents are also known as Niperji.

[00:16:20]This is a question from 2015. Inchanotropic substances are called polymorphs.

[00:16:24]Stedopolymorph speak or all of these speak. Isn't it? So it is two. One is hydrates, one is solvents.

[00:16:32]Ok? When we studied two stoichiometric and non stoichiometric, then if our attachment is the formation of adduct with water. Isn't it? So at such times we call them hydrates and if there are organic solvents then we call them solvents and these are known as pseudo polymorphs.

[00:16:56]Remember when I showed you this tabular form, everything was mentioned in it. Ok? Next comes a question from Sniper ji 2015. The ratio of the concentration of a compound in a mixture of two immiscible phases at the equilibrium is called its distribution coefficient. It is called dissolution coefficient. It is called partition coefficient or both our options A and C are correct. Please take a closer look once more and tell me.

[00:17:31]Another name for the partition coefficient is our distribution coefficient. You know this thing very well. So what will happen to our answer? The answer will be D both A & C.

[00:17:43]Next let's come to the next question. The process of increasing the solubility by the addition of the additives is known as already.

[00:17:52]Earlier we also saw a little while ago how we increased the solubility of caffeine by adding sodium benzoate and we called this phenomenon hydrotrophic agent hydrotrophy and the agent which is added is known as hydrotrophy.

[00:18:11]This process is called hydrotrophy and the additive is known as a hydrotrophic agent.

[00:18:16]Option number C will be our correct answer. Next comes the Henderson Hasselbalch equation which is also known as Knipper G 2010 stability study reaction kinetics solubility parameters and pH equation.

[00:18:32]Son, I have already told you about Henderson Haslab equation before that the equation given in Lachman has come into the form of acid and base. The base has come into the acid, correct it and consider the equation given by Burmankar as a reference, okay, so that there is no mistake, at this place it is easy, option number D will be our correct one, that one is the PA equation, okay, next comes the crystal habit, Niper ji was asked in 2003 and 2011 that the crystal habit, habit, is the internal structure internal as well as the external structure is only external and or particle size is being talked about, whenever we are talking about crystal habit, that means we are talking about external habitat habit, option number C will be our correct answer, okay, any compound, okay, any compound has two parts, one is our internal structure and the second is what we call habit, which is the external structure, habit means external structure and internal structure.

[00:19:42]We had also studied about this earlier in the Basic Introduction class in Pre Formulation.

[00:19:47]Next let's come to the next question. Nipper G 208 Determination of the Ionic Concentration Which of the following equations is used Patt equation, Noise Whitney equation, the gas equation and Henderson Hassall Back equation. It has come once again.

[00:20:07]Which of these equations do we use for the determination of ionic concentration? Bats will do the equation.

[00:20:13]Gas Adsorption Noise Witney. Will our son get the answer? Option number D.

[00:20:20]That one is the Henderson Hustle Backak equation.

[00:20:23]Next we come to the question of Absolute Structure of the Drug Molecule Can Be Determined by Nieper G 2006.

[00:20:36]Which of the following methods do we use to determine the absolute structure of any drug? Will do DSC. X-ray crystallography mass or electrophoresis.

[00:20:45]Answer: What will happen to this, son? Well known.

[00:20:48]If we have to see any crystal structure then X-ray crystallography Bruck's equation is happening.

[00:20:55]Isn't it the two angle formation that is happening, our 2 theta, we will have to look at that part. Option number B is our correct answer. Next let's come to the next question. Which of the following is the objective of the preformulation? Which of the following is an objective of preformulation?

[00:21:13]Son, pre-formulation means that before making any new dosage form, whatever research has to be done on it, be it on our API or on the excipient, the compatibility of all of them so that we can make a good, safe, effective and economical dosage form, all these things which come under pre-formulation, physiochemical properties, kinetic stability, compatibility, all these things are checked. This means that all three of our options are correct.

[00:21:47]Next come the IPs on S. If the solubility range of a solute is one to 10 parts it will be soluble, freely soluble, springily soluble and slightly soluble.

[00:22:02]If our solubility range is from 1 to 10, it will be soluble, it will be freely soluble, it will be springily soluble and it will be slightly soluble, okay what will be the answer, it is a very easy question for very funny students, silly vs prodly one, which I had also told about vanilla one, whatever trick you will find, you can solve the solubility parameters very easily with this and this question comes and hope that it will come.

[00:22:33]So look at this entire tabular form carefully. Asked in 2006, asked in 2007.

[00:22:42]Many times in different competitive examinations, questions from this place have come from solitude parameter.

[00:22:47]Granular volume is determined using the V method?

[00:22:54]Which of the following methods do we use to determine granular volume? Radiated cylinder, Air permeate method, Mercury displacement method and Helium pycnometer. Which of these methods do we use to determine granular volume?

[00:23:14]Ok? So the mercury will go in between the granules.

[00:23:17]I told you so. Remember this tabular form. Helium will be used in this place.

[00:23:23]A gas displacement method: helium and nitrogen. One is helium picometer and one is helium and nitrogen. They are very light weight. So what do we do?

[00:23:37]We use helium to determine the true density.

[00:23:41]And to determine the granular volume at this place or to determine the density, we determine mercury. So mercury and here helium and nitrogen. So questions come from this place many times. Be careful not to make any mistake at this place. Apart from this, this entire tabular form is there, look at this entire table.

[00:24:03]You all have already seen its surface area.

[00:24:06]And you already read many of these things in physical pharmacy also.

[00:24:11]What will be the porosity?

[00:24:14]What is bulkiness? Isn't it? See all of these once.

[00:24:18]Next comes question number 26. Which of the following is not the physical characteristic studies during the preformulation studies?

[00:24:29]Which of the following is not included in the physical characteristics during pre-inflation study?

[00:24:36]particle size and shape, solubility profile, polymorphism or hydrolysis. It is understandable just by looking at it. Options started coming up.

[00:24:44]very good. very nice. So what will be the answer to this? You also have to comment. So, you have to keep telling what their answer could be.

[00:24:53]So what will be your answer?

[00:24:55]D That one is the hydrolysis.

[00:25:00]Next comes question number 27. All of the following physicochemical constants are useful in predicting the solubility of a drug: Accept, dielectric constant pH of a solution, pK of the drug and valency.

[00:25:19]Which of these physiological physicochemical constants is responsible for predicting solubility?

[00:25:28]See in the option, Accept is written, rest we will see ours, be it dielectric constant, pA, pK, all these are needed. Valency has nothing to do with this place.

[00:25:39]So option number D will be our correct answer.

[00:25:42]Is this much clear?

[00:25:46]Coming to the next question. Which of the following techniques is not useful to detect polymorphs? Which of the following methods is not necessary to determine polymorphs? Ok? We have asked this question many times.

[00:26:06]We cannot determine polymorphs using chromatographic techniques.

[00:26:09]So HPLC son is our chromatographic method. Option number B will be our correct answer. Ok? Next comes question number 29. In the X-ray diffraction method, which equation is used to determine the distance between the crystal planes? Which of these four options will happen?

[00:26:32]Option number B is our correct answer. Ok?

[00:26:36]2D sin theta brax equation Many times we have seen this thing after the incident light is diffracted, the formation of 2 theta angle theta theta 2 theta angle. n delta = 2d sin theta Brux equation.

[00:26:57]Next comes question number 30. This is the last question of this series on pre-formulation topic.

[00:27:06]Molecular adducts with a fixed integral ratio such as the 1 and 1:2 are called as two types.

[00:27:19]One is in fixed integer form and one is in ratio form. But there will not be fixed integers. Ok? Will remain in decimal form. Like 1 2.5 something like that.

[00:27:35]So what will happen at such a time?

[00:27:37]What do we call this? They are known as the stoichiometric. If this ratio is in the form of a fixed integer. We call it stoichiometric. Isn't it? And if this is in the form of a fraction, then we call it non- stoichiometric. Remember stoichiometric hydrates, organic solvents. Ok?

[00:28:02]And non-stoichiometric if it's not in integer form, but in fraction form.

[00:28:07]Ok? Look, I told you that stichiometric non- stichiometric means this will be a fixed integral ratio.

[00:28:16]In non-stoichiometric, your view will be in the form of a fraction. 1.5 = 2.7 = 4 ok? So we solved 30 questions through pre-formulation. I hope son, this part would have been very helpful for you and you will learn a lot of things from it.