Just Listen 🎧 : 360/360 Confirmed | Neural Control and Coordination

追加: 2026-06-04

[00:00:01]Hi everyone, this is Dr. Welcome to the just lesson series. Please subscribe next target 5,000 subscribers and like the session as well and every com and in the complete seriesap.

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[00:00:45]First biotechnology principles and processes because just listen first session first instruction 360ology and processes.

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[00:01:20]Chemical coordination and integration.

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[00:01:40]ology physiology over so okay come here first every session start neural coordination and integration pages First NCAP.

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[00:02:42]Okay. Which is pages cont.

[00:03:06]Okay.

[00:03:08]Next introduction.

[00:03:22]Chapter 18, neural control and coordination.

[00:03:39]this one in the introduction part. Okay.

[00:03:43]First introduction introduction part.

[00:03:55]Okay.

[00:03:58]Come on.

[00:04:01]First introduction why coordination is needed in our body.

[00:04:14]Our body has many organs and organ systems. All these organs must work together properly.

[00:04:25]Yeah. This proper working together is needed.

[00:04:32]to maintain homeostasis. Very important.

[00:04:37]Homeostasis question. Homeostasis.

[00:04:42]Homeostasis means keeping the internal environment of the body stable.

[00:04:53]Internal environment.

[00:04:56]Example, normal temperature, normal oxygen level, normal blood pressure.

[00:05:04]Internal environment, internal environment of the body.

[00:05:13]Meaning of coordination. Coordination.

[00:05:17]Coordination is the process by which two or more organs interact.

[00:05:26]Interact. They support and complement each other's functions.

[00:05:34]No other organ, no organ works alone.

[00:05:50]Every organ depends on other organs because to work to function properly.

[00:06:09]Example, coordination during physical exercise.

[00:06:16]When we do physical exercise, muscular activity increases. Muscular activity increases.

[00:06:25]Muscles need more energy. More energy.

[00:06:33]Increased energy.

[00:06:35]demand during exercise. Yeah, because energy demand increased energy demand during exercise time increase because muscle work more energy demand increases.

[00:07:01]muscle work more energy demand also increases muscle work more during exercise time to produce to produce more energy more energy produce more oxygen is required.

[00:07:35]Okay.

[00:07:43]So more oxygen is required increased oxygen supply to meet higher oxygen demand. Oxygen supply is increased. This increased oxygen supply causes another changes in many organs.

[00:08:06]Changes in body systems during exercise.

[00:08:15]Increased oxygen supply necessitates makes it necessary.

[00:08:23]Increase in the rate of respiration. We breathe faster.

[00:08:30]Faster breathe. Increase in heartbeat.

[00:08:34]Yeah. Because heart pumps faster.

[00:08:39]Increase in blood flow through blood vessels.

[00:08:45]All these changes happen together not separately.

[00:08:51]for functions.

[00:09:07]So all together happen together role of different organs during exercise. Muscles work more. Lungs takes in more oxygen. Heart pumps the blood faster. Blood vessels carry more blood. Kidneys adjust the body fluids.

[00:09:34]So all these organs are perfectly coordinated.

[00:09:41]After exercise is stopped.

[00:09:45]When physical exercise stops, energy demand decreases. Energy demand increase.

[00:09:55]Energy demand exercise.

[00:10:00]Energy demand decreases slowly.

[00:10:03]Nerves, lungs, heart, kidneys all return to their normal conditions. This written happens gradually.

[00:10:18]So not suddenly.

[00:10:22]Coordination is continuous.

[00:10:25]Coordination is not only during exercise.

[00:10:29]It happens during rest, during sleep, during stress. Body always tries to stay balanced.

[00:10:41]Homeostasis clear. Next two main system for coordination in our body. Two systems work together in neural system and endocrine system.

[00:10:57]They jointly coordinate and integrate all the activities.

[00:11:05]Neural system fast coordination.

[00:11:08]Neural system provides an organized network pointto-point connections in the pointto-point connections. It allows quick coordination immediate response like reflex action.

[00:11:28]Reflex action.

[00:11:31]Endocrine system chemical coordination chemical coordination. Endocrine system works using hormones. Hormones are the chemical messengers released into blood. The system provides chemical integration.

[00:11:51]Slower but longlasting effects.

[00:11:57]Longlasting effects.

[00:12:00]Synchronized functioning neural system plus endocrine system together ensure organs function in a synchronized fashion. Synchronized synchronized means timing order intensity synchronized.

[00:12:28]What this chapter will teach you? In this chapter, human neural system, transmission of nerve impulse, impulse conduction across the synapse. So these are mechanisms of neural coordination.

[00:12:48]Neural coordination. Memory booster.

[00:12:52]Memory booster. Coordination is a process by which two or more organs work together. Correct? Coordination is essential to maintain homeostasis.

[00:13:03]Stable internal conditions during physical exercise. Muscles need more energy, more energy require more oxygen.

[00:13:10]Increased oxygen supply causes faster respiration, faster heartbeat, increased blood flow. Muscles, lungs, heart, blood vessels, kidney all work together in coordination. After the exercise stops, all organs gradually return to normal.

[00:13:28]Coordination happens all the time, not only during the exercise. Two systems control the coordination. Neural system are the fast pointto-point electrical endocrine system. The slow chemical and hormonal both systems work together to ensure synchronized functioning of organs. So this chapter focuses on neural system of humans, nerve impulse transmission, synapse conduction. Clear?

[00:13:57]So in the introduction question 18.1 system 18.1 neural system. First, what is neural system? Neural system is a control and coordination system in animals. It helps the body detect changes, respond quickly, coordinate activities.

[00:14:48]It is present in all the animals. All the animals simple complex forms basic building unit of the neural system. The neural system is made up of highly specialized cells.

[00:15:08]Neurons neurons highly specialized. They are designed only for nervous functions.

[00:15:20]They do not perform general body work.

[00:15:25]What are neurons? Neurons a structural unit and functional unit of the neural system.

[00:15:36]They are excitable cells. They can respond very very fast. Okay. Functions of the neurons.

[00:15:47]Neurons can perform three important functions.

[00:15:52]Detect the stimuli, receive the stimuli, transmit the stimuli.

[00:15:59]Functions stimul meaning of the stimuli.

[00:16:03]Stimuli means any change in the environment. Example, light, sound, heat, touch, pain. So neurons can detect different kinds of stimuli.

[00:16:21]Detection of stimulus.

[00:16:24]Neurons can sense changes. Example, touching a hot object, the neuron detects the heat and sends a signal and sends a signal.

[00:16:41]receiving and transmitting stimulus.

[00:16:44]After the detection, detection neuron receives the stimulus then transmit it as a nerve impulse. As a nerve impulse, this message travels from one neuron to another neuron to brain or muscles.

[00:17:09]Okay. to brain or muscles.

[00:17:14]Neural coordination. Next. Neural organization in animals. Neural organization. Abina. How neurons are arranged and connected. It is not same in all animals. It is not same in all animals. It becomes more and more complex as animals become more advanced.

[00:17:41]Okay. Next.

[00:17:43]Neural system in lower invertebrates. In lower invertebrates, the neural organization is very simple. Very very simple. Invertebrates means animals without backbone.

[00:17:59]Invertebrae. Without backbone. Example.

[00:18:03]Example. Hydra. Hydra is a lower invertebrate. In hydra the neural system is a network of neurons.

[00:18:13]This is called nerve net.

[00:18:18]There is no brain. There is no spinal cord. Impulses travel in all the directions. In all the directions.

[00:18:30]Neural system. In insects.

[00:18:33]In insects. The neural system is better organized than the hydra.

[00:18:43]They have brain, ganglia and neural tissues. Ganglia. Ganglia are the clusters of nerve cells act as a control centers. Act as a control centers.

[00:19:01]neural system invertebrates.

[00:19:04]Vertebrates are animals with backbone.

[00:19:10]They have more developed neural system.

[00:19:16]Their neural system is highly organized, highly specialized. It includes in brain, spinal cord, nerves, clear memory booster. Neural system is a control and coordination system present in all the animals. It is made up of highly specialized cells.

[00:19:37]Neurons can detect, receive, transmit different kinds of stimuli. Stimuli are environmental changes like heat, light, sound, touch. Neural organization varies among animals. In lower vertebrates, neural organization is very very simple.

[00:19:51]In hydra neural system is a network of neurons nerve net. In insects the neural system is better organized with the brain ganglia and the neural tissues.

[00:20:04]Vertebbrates have highly developed neural system. Complexity of the neural system increases with evolution.

[00:20:15]Neurons ensure fast communication and quick response. Clear? So in the section in the topic system now go and enjoy your MCQs. Next 18.2 into human neural system.

[00:20:54]18.2 The human neural system. First of all, what is the human neural system? The human neural system is a control and coordination system. It helps the body receive the information, process the information and send the commands.

[00:21:14]It makes sure all body parts work together smoothly.

[00:21:26]Division of the human neural system.

[00:21:29]The human neural system is divided into two main parts. N central nervous system CNS peripheral nervous system PNS. This division helps in efficient working and the control central nervous system manner. It includes brain and spinal cord. It is the main control center of the body of the body and the function of central nervous system. The central nervous system is the site of information processing and information control. It receives the messages and sends the instructions. Clear function of the CNS peripheral nervous system. Peripheral nervous system. The PNS consists of all the nerves of the body. These nerves are associated with the central nervous system, brain and spinal cord. PNS acts as a communication link, communication link.

[00:22:44]Types of nerve fibers in peripheral nervous system. Very important. The nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system are of two types.

[00:22:53]Apheren fibers and epheren fibers. First a nerve fibers a fibers carry the impulses difference from the tissues organs to the central nervous system.

[00:23:13]direction body to brain spinal cord body they are also called sensory fibers example touch nerve fibers fibers carry the impulses from the central nervous system to the tissues or organs direction spinal cord.

[00:23:54]They are also called mode of fibers.

[00:23:57]They produce action or response.

[00:24:01]Okay.

[00:24:03]Functional division of peripheral nervous system. The PNS is divided into two divisions.

[00:24:10]Somatic neural system and autonomic neural system. This division is based on type of control.

[00:24:21]Type of control.

[00:24:25]Somatic neural system. The somatic neural system release the impulses from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles or voluntary muscles. It controls walking, writing and running.

[00:24:50]Autonomic nervous system. The autonomic neural system. The autonomic neural system transmit the impulses from the central nervous system to involuntary organs.

[00:25:05]Involuntary organs. It controls the smooth muscles. Internal organs or these actions are automatic not under conscious control.

[00:25:28]The divisions of autonomic neural system. The autonomic neural system is further classified into sympathetic neural system, parasympathetic neural system. They work in opposite buted ways.

[00:25:48]Opposite and balanced ways. Next, visceral nervous system. The visceral nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system.

[00:26:01]The part of peripheral nervous system it includes in nerves, fibers, ganglia and plexes.

[00:26:12]Function of visceral nervous system.

[00:26:15]It allows the impulses to travel from central nervous system to vis internal organs from vis to central nervous system. It ensures communication between brain and the internal organs.

[00:26:38]Memory booster sided. The human neural system controls and coordinates all the body activities integrated into central nervous system and peripheral neural system. CNS includes in the brain spinal cord. CNA is the site of information processing and control. PNS includes all the nerves connected to the central nervous system. PNS nerve fibers are two types. Epherent fibers in the brain they carry the impulses to the central nervous system. Ephran fibers they carry the impulses from the central nervous system. Okay. BNS is divided into somatic neural system and controls the skeleton and voluntary muscles.

[00:27:13]Autonomic nerve system control the involuntary organs. Autonomic neural system has two division sympathetic and parasympathetic. Viseral nervous system is a part of peripheral nervous system.

[00:27:23]It consists of nerves, fibers, ganglia and plexus. It carries the impulses between the central nervous system and visa. All systems work together to maintain the proper control, coordination and balance in the body.

[00:27:36]So in the topic questions right next 18.3 neuron as a structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

[00:28:06]Wang11 18.3 18.3 Neuron as structural and functional unit of the neural system. Very important.

[00:28:23]What is neuron? A neuron is a microscopic structure. It is the structural unit and the functional unit of the neural system. Microscopic nana it means very small cannot be seen with the naked eyes. All nervous activities like thinking happen because of neurons because of neurons main parts of the neuron. A neuron is composed of three major parts.

[00:28:57]Cell body As the dendrites add the axon each part has a specific structure and the function figure very very important structure of the neuron figure.

[00:29:23]Okay.

[00:29:25]Next cell body.

[00:29:28]The cell body is the main central part of the neuron. It contains an cytoplasm.

[00:29:36]Typical cell organals such as mitochondria endopplasmic reticulum ribosomes.

[00:29:42]These organals help in normal life activities of the neuron.

[00:29:52]Granules.

[00:29:54]Inside the cell body there are certain granular bodies.

[00:30:00]These are called nisles granules. So they are special structures important for protein synthesis. Important for protein synthesis without nissell granules. Neuron cannot function properly. So yeah cannot function properly. The dendrites. Dendrites are short fibers. They branch repeatedly.

[00:30:28]They project out of the cell body. They project out of the cell body.

[00:30:37]Dendrites also contains nasal granules.

[00:30:41]Nazis granules.

[00:30:44]Function of dendrites.

[00:30:46]Dendrites transmit nerve impulses.

[00:30:52]towards the cell body. Towards the cell body. Direction of impulse. Dendrites.

[00:31:00]Dendrites in the cell body.

[00:31:04]They mainly receive the signals from other neurons.

[00:31:11]Function of the axon. The axon is a long fiber arises from the cell body.

[00:31:21]It is usually single and long compared to the dendrites.

[00:31:28]Next, distal end of the axon. The distal end far end of the axon is branched. This branching helps in connecting with many cells at the same time.

[00:31:50]Next synaptic knob. Each branch of axon ends in a bulb like structure.

[00:32:02]Synaptic knob is very important for signal transmission for signal transmission. Okay. Next.

[00:32:13]Next. Synaptic vesicles. The synaptic knob contains synaptic vesicles.

[00:32:20]These vesicles store chemicals called very very important neurotransmitters.

[00:32:31]Chemicals called what?

[00:32:33]Neurotransmitters. Very very important.

[00:32:37]Neurotransmitters.

[00:32:38]Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. They help in passing the nerve impulse from one neuron to another neuron. Pam they act as a synapse. Very very important. Very very important. This one they act as a they act at the acts. Synapse. Synapse.

[00:33:01]Synap. Synapse.

[00:33:04]Function of axon. ax on transmit the nerve impulses away from the cell body. Away from the cell body. The impulses are sent to a synapse or to a neuromuscular junction.

[00:33:27]Direction of the impulse cell body from axon synapse or muscles. Okay.

[00:33:43]Neuron is a structural and the functional unit of the neural system. It is a microscopic structure. A neuron has three major parts. Cell body dendon.

[00:33:51]Cell body contain cytoplasm. Typical cell organ.

[00:33:55]Nestle granules are the granular body important for protein synthesis.

[00:33:59]Dendrates are the short and the branched fibers. Dendrates carry the nerve impulses toward the cell body. Axon is a long fiber. The distal end of the axon is branched. Each branch ends in synaptic knob. Synaptic knob contains synaptic vicles. Synaptic vicles store the neurotransmitters.

[00:34:19]Axons transmit the impulses away from the cell body to anger synapse neuromuscular junction.

[00:34:32]Continue. Next.

[00:34:36]Continuation. Basis of classification of neurons.

[00:34:41]Neurons are classified based on number of axons and dendrites.

[00:34:51]This means how many axons how many dendrites a neuron has. Using this basis, neurons are divided into three types. Neurons are divided into three types. Three types of neurons based on axon and dendrites. Neurons are types multipolar neuron, bipolar neuron, uniolar neuron.

[00:35:22]Multipolar neuron.

[00:35:25]Multiple neuron have one axon two or more dendrites.

[00:35:32]They are most common neurons in the human body.

[00:35:41]Most common neurons in the human body.

[00:35:44]They are founding cerebral cortex.

[00:35:48]They help in thinking, memory and voluntary reactions.

[00:35:53]Bipolar neuron. Bipolar neurons have one axon, one dendrite found. They are found in the retina of the eye. So yeah, they're important for what? Vision. Vision. Add the uniolar neuron. Uniolar neurons have cell body with only one axon.

[00:36:17]They are usually found in the embryionic stage. Embryionic stage rare in the adults. Adults rare neurons types of axons. Axons are of two types.

[00:36:32]Milinated axon is very important.

[00:36:35]Noninated axon mileinated nerve fibers.

[00:36:41]Milinated nerve fibers are enveloped by schwan cells. Very important. Schwan cells. Schwan cells form a milein sheath around the axon around the axon.

[00:37:00]Milin sheet myelin sheath is a fatty insulating layer. It helps in faster transmission of the nerve impulses and it protects the axon.

[00:37:18]are the nodes of ranir. The gaps between two adjacent milein sheets are called what? The nodes of rain ranir.

[00:37:30]These gaps help in jumping of the nerve impulse and faster conduction. The location of myelinator nerve fibers.

[00:37:43]Milinated nerve fibers are found in very important spinal nerves and cranial nerves. Clear up. Next noninated nerve fibers. Nonmalinated nerve fibers are enclosed by schwan cells but do not form a milein sheath around the axon.

[00:38:10]Do not form the milein sheath. So yeah.

[00:38:12]Because of this impulse transmission slower slower okay next location of noninated fibers nonviolinated fibers are commonly found in autonomic neural system and somatic neural system memory booster neurons are classified based on number of the axon and the dendrites. There are three types of neurons multipolar one axon plus many cereal cortex bipolar one axon plus one of the uniolar only one embriionic stage axons are of two types and noninated fibers are covered by the swan cells form the milein sheath around the axon myelin sheath increases the speed of the nerve impulse nodes of ran are the gaps between the myelin sheets Nodes of ranway helps in the fast impuluction. Melinated fibers are found in spinal nerves and cranial nerves.

[00:39:17]Non-malinated fibers have schwan cells but do not but no they're commonly found in autonomic systematic neural system. So in the topic.

[00:39:33]Okay.

[00:39:41]Open challenge.

[00:39:50]Okay.

[00:39:56]30 minutes. Within 30 minutes within 30 minutes within 30 minutes it's a promise within 30 minutes.

[00:40:22]Okay. So take amazing opportunity examination.

[00:40:51]Okay. 18.3.1 in the nerve generation and conduction of the nerve impulse.

[00:40:59]Okay.

[00:52:44]So continue 18.3.1 generation and conduction of come here. Come here. Come here.

[00:53:09]Okay. Right.

[00:53:14]18.3.1 Generation and the conduction of the nerve impulse.

[00:53:20]Why neurons are called exitable cells.

[00:53:24]Neurons are called exitable cells. This is because their cell membrane is in a polarized state.

[00:53:34]Polarized state. First of all, exitable Excitable means they can respond to the stimulus. They can generate an electrical signal.

[00:53:48]Exitable meaning.

[00:53:51]What does polarized mean? Polarized membrane means the inside and outside of the neuron membrane have different electrical charge.

[00:54:08]So the inside and the outside of the neuron membrane have different electrical charges.

[00:54:18]So inside different different charges this charge difference is very important for nerve impulse generation. Okay. very important and the reason for polarization of neuron membrane. The neuron membrane has different types of ion channels.

[00:54:45]These ion channels allow ions to move in and out of the cell. Yeah. In and out of the cell are selectively permeable.

[00:55:01]Very important.

[00:55:03]Are selectively permeable.

[00:55:06]Selectively permeable and channel.

[00:55:10]Selectively permeable means each channel allows only specific ions. Specific ions to pass. Important ions involved in anaklama. Potassium ions. K plus sodium ions Na plus durium. Next resting neuron state. When a neuron is not conducting any impulse, it is called resting neuron. It is called what? Resting neuron. At resting stage, no nerve impulse. Membrane is still polarized. So yeah, membrane is still polarized.

[00:55:48]Polarized.

[00:55:50]No nerve impulse.

[00:55:53]Next, permeability of a external membrane at rest. At resting state, axonal membrane is more permeable to potassium. Okay. ions membrane is nearly impermeable.

[00:56:17]Very important.

[00:56:19]very important axonal membrane is more permeable to potassium ions. Aonal membrane is nearly impermeable to sodium ions. This difference is very important for charge separation.

[00:56:34]Next role of negatively charged proteins. The membrane is also impermeable to negatively charged proteins.

[00:56:48]These proteins are present inside the axone in the aoplasm. In the axlasm ionic composition inside the axon inside the axon axoplasm high concentration of inner potassium ions high concentration of negatively charged proteins. Low concentration of sodium ions. Clear? H. Next. Ionic composition outside the axon. Outside the axon extracellular extra cellular outside the lower concentration of potassium ions. Higher concentration of sodium ions. So this difference forms a concentration gradient.

[00:57:39]Next concentration gradient. Num.

[00:57:43]Concentration gradient means difference in ion concentration across the membrane. So yeah difference in ion concentration across the membrane. This gradient is essential for nerve impulse generation.

[00:58:02]Nerve impulse generation.

[00:58:05]Sodium potassium very important.

[00:58:08]Ionic gradients are maintained by pump sodium potassium pump. It is very important. It is an active transport mechanism. It uses energy ATP in the pump.

[00:58:25]The working of sodium potassium pump.

[00:58:28]The pump in the values very important.

[00:58:30]The pump transports three sodium ions outwards.

[00:58:37]two potassium ions into the cell. This unequal movement maintains the ion concentration difference, electrical charge difference.

[00:58:52]Next, charge distribution on axonal membrane. Due to ion moment, outer surface of the axonal membrane becomes positively charged. Inner surface becomes negatively charged. Hence the membrane remains polarized. Hence the membrane remains polarized. Next to resting potential the electric potential difference across the resting membrane is called resting potential.

[00:59:22]It exists only when the neuron is at rest not transmitting impulse.

[00:59:33]Okay. Next memory booster. Neurons are because their membranes are polarized.

[00:59:42]Polarized membrane means inside and outside having different charges. Neuron membrane has selectively permeable ion channels. At resting membrane at resting state, membrane is more permeable to potassium. Nearly impermeable to sodium ions. Membrane is impermeable to negatively charged proteins in exoplasm.

[00:59:59]Inside the axone, high potassium ions, high negative proteins, low sodium ions.

[01:00:05]Correct? Outside the axone, low potassium ions, high sodium ions. This creates the ionic concentration gradient. Ionic gradients are maintained by the sodium potassium pump. Pump moves three potassium out and two potassium in using other use ATP. Outer membrane becomes positive and inner membrane becomes negative. The state is called polarization. The electrical difference across the resting membrane is called resting potential. Okay. Continuation polom next term. Come on. Curiosity about no impulse. We are naturally curious to know how a nerve impulse is generated.

[01:00:49]How it travels conducts along the axon.

[01:00:53]This process explains sensation, movement, communication inside the body.

[01:01:00]The role of the stimulus. A stimulus is any change such as in touch light. When a stimulus is applied at a specific point on a neuron, example site a figure 18.2 do very very very important this one very important.

[01:01:30]Okay. When a stimulus is applied at a specific point on a neuron. Example this one. Okay.

[01:01:44]Polarized membrane before the stimulus.

[01:01:47]Before the stimulus the axonal membrane is polarized.

[01:01:51]This means the outer surface becomes positive charge inner surface negative charge. Okay.

[01:02:00]Sodium channels open at site A. When stimulus acts at site A, the membrane becomes freely permeable to permeable to sodium ions. So sodium ion channels open open rapid influx of sodium ions because channels are open. So sodium ions rush rapidly into the axon. This happens very fast at the reversal of polarity. Due to the sodium entry, outer surface becomes negatively charged. Inner surface becomes positively charged. This is called reversal of polarity. This is called what? Reversal of polarity. And the depolarization at site A. Reversal of polarity means the membrane is depolarized. Depolar depolarization is equal to loss of resting polarization.

[01:03:14]Okay.

[01:03:17]One second.

[01:03:24]Okay. Action potential nerve impulse.

[01:03:29]The electrical potential difference across the membrane at site A is called what? Action potential. Action potential is actually the impulse action potential. So at the charge condition at adjacent site. Okay.

[01:03:50]The next region of axon site B still has positive charge outside negative charge inside. Site B is still in the resting state.

[01:04:07]Flow of electric current due to the charge difference. On inner surface the current flows from side A from side A to side B. On outer surface the current flows from side B to site A.

[01:04:28]This completes a electric sorry electric current circuit figure 18.2 very important.

[01:04:44]Next action potential at site B. Action potential at site B. Due to the current flow, polarity at site B is reversed.

[01:05:00]Action potential is generated at site B.

[01:05:04]Thus impulse move from site A to site B.

[01:05:10]Very very important.

[01:05:13]H next.

[01:05:17]Next. Conduction along the axon.

[01:05:22]The same process repeats along the entire length of the axon. As a result, the nerve impulse is conducted.

[01:05:32]Shortlift. Sodium permeability. Next increase in the sodium permeability is extremely shortlived. Sodium channels close quickly. Close quickly.

[01:05:46]Rise in the potassium permeability.

[01:05:49]Immediately after the sodium channels close, permeability of the so potassium ions increases.

[01:05:58]Potassium channels open. Potassium channels open at the diffusion of potassium ions. Potassium ions diffuse outside the membrane.

[01:06:12]This movement helps in restoring original charge distribution.

[01:06:20]Restoring original charge distribution at the restoration of resting potential due to the potassium diffusion.

[01:06:30]Okay, resting potential is restored.

[01:06:35]The membrane returns to outer surface in a positive inner surface in a negative.

[01:06:43]Clear the next fiber becomes pretty again after the resting potential is restored. The nerve fiber becomes responsive again. So it can now respond to another stimulus.

[01:07:00]Okay. Memory booster. Nerve impulse is generated and conducted along the exone.

[01:07:05]Stimulus is applied at the site. Acts on the polarized membrane. Stimulus makes the membrane freely permeable to sodium ions. Sodium ions rush inside causing the reversal of the polarity. Outer surface becomes negative. Inner surface becomes positive. The state is called deolarization. The electric change produced is called action potential.

[01:07:26]Action potential nerve impulse adjacent site B is still polarized. Electrical current flows in inside A to B outside B2A. This generates the action potential at site B. The process repeats along the axon causing the impulse conduction.

[01:07:44]Increase in sodium permeability is very short-lived. Then potassium permeability increases. Potassium diffuses out restoring the resting potential. The nerve fibers becomes ready for the next stimulus in the topic.

[01:08:09]Okay.

[01:08:15]Next 18.3.2 Transmission of impulses.

[01:08:32]I'll drink some water.

[01:08:52]H 18.3.2 transmission of impulses.

[01:08:58]What is transmission of impulse?

[01:09:00]Transmission of impulse means passing a nerve impulse from one neuron to another neuron. Neurons do not touch each other directly. So the special junction is needed.

[01:09:15]in the synapse. Synapse the junction. A nerve impulse is transmitted through a junction called synabs. Synabs is a meeting point between one neuron and another neuron.

[01:09:34]Next, presynaptic and post synaptic neuron. A synapse is formed by presinaptic neuron. The neuron that sends the impulse. Postatic neuron. The neuron that receives this impulse. These neurons communicate only through the synaps. The synapse at the synaptic clft. Sometimes the membranes of the two neurons are separated by a small gap.

[01:10:08]This gap is called the synaptic clft.

[01:10:12]The synaptic clft may or may not be present. So the types of synapses are very important types of synapses. There are two types of synapses in electrical synapse and chemical synapse. Electrical synapse. In an electrical synapse, the membrane of the presinaptic and the post synaptic neurons are very close to each other. There's almost no gap between them. So yeah, the electrical snaps if impulse flow in the electrical synapse in electrical synapse electric current flows directly.

[01:10:57]So yeah from one neuron to another neuron. So no chemicals are involved. No chemicals are involved in the electrical synapsum.

[01:11:08]Similarity to axen conduction transmission across an electrical synapse is very similar to the impulse conduction along a single axon.

[01:11:21]That means direct flow of electrical signal.

[01:11:27]Speed speed of transmission impulse transmission across electrical synaps very fast chemical synapse slower. Therefore electrical synapses are always faster.

[01:11:48]Next reason for the faster transmission in the reason electrical synapse is faster because no neurotransmitters are involved. No synaptically direct electrical for transmission.

[01:12:04]Rarity of electrical synapses.

[01:12:06]Electrical synapses are rare in our nervous system nervous system. Most synapses in humans are chemical synapses.

[01:12:16]Chemical synapses and the importance of synapses.

[01:12:21]Synapses ensure proper communication, directional flow of impulses, coordination of body functions, memory booster. Transmission of impulse occurs from one neuron to another. This transmission happens through a junction called synapse. Correct. A synapse is formed by the pressaptic neuron, post synaptic neuron. These neurons may be separated by the synaptic lift. There are two types of synapses for the electrical synapse chemical synapse. In electrical synapse, the neuron membranes are very close. Electrical current flows directly. Transmission across the electrical synapse is similar to impulse conduction along the axon. Electrical synapses are faster than the chemical synapses. Reason and direct current flow, no chemical involvement.

[01:13:06]Electrical synapses are rare in humans.

[01:13:09]Synapses are essential for communication, coordination, proper functioning of the nervous system.

[01:13:14]Clear? You put next continuation in the part continic neuron and the post synaptic neuron separated from each other. Separated from each other. So yeah very important and separated from each other. They do not touch directly. They do not touch directly.

[01:13:42]Synaptic lift. The space between the two neurons is a fluid fil space. The space is called the synaptic clft.

[01:13:54]It lies between the preynaptic membrane and the post synaptic membrane. Figure 18.3 very very very important this diagram very very important. Figure 18.3 is very very important.

[01:14:13]Okay.

[01:14:17]Every single figure, every single values are very very very important.

[01:14:26]Question question. How does the impulse cross the gap?

[01:14:31]Since neurons do not touch, the electrical current cannot jump directly.

[01:14:40]So the impulse crosses the synaptic drift using the chemicals the neurotransmitters then these chemicals are called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers essential for impulse transmission.

[01:15:02]They carry the message from preynaptic neuron to post synaptic neuron. Clam synaptic vicles. The axon terminal of the presinaptic neuron contains vicles.

[01:15:19]These vicles are filled with neurotransmitters.

[01:15:24]Arrival of action potential.

[01:15:27]When a nerve impulse action potential reaches the axon terminal, it triggers the next step in transmission.

[01:15:38]Next movement of synaptic vesicles. The arriving impulse stimulates the synaptic vesicles. So the vesicle move towards the preinaptic membrane fusion with plasma membrane. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane.

[01:15:59]After the fusion they release neurotransmitters.

[01:16:05]They release neurotransmitters.

[01:16:09]release into synaptic clft.

[01:16:11]Neurotransmitters are released anger into the synaptic clft. Very very important very very important. They now move across the cliff towards the next neuron towards the next neuron and binding to the receptors. On the post synaptic membrane there are specific receptors. Very very important.

[01:16:38]So yeah specific receptors.

[01:16:42]On the post synaptic membrane there are specific receptors. Neurotransmitters bind only to their specific receptors. This ensures accuracy of signal.

[01:16:58]Opening of iron channels. Binding of the neurotransmitter to receptor opens the ion channels. This allows the entry of the ions into the post synaptic neuron.

[01:17:16]Generation of new potential. Entry of the ion causes development of the new electric potential. This new electric potential may be excitatory increases the chance of impulse.

[01:17:33]Inhibitory very important exitator increase the chance of impulse.

[01:17:40]Inhibitor decrease the chance of impulse. Thus the message is passed forward.

[01:17:48]Clear memory booster.

[01:17:51]In a chemical synapse the pre and the post synaptic neurons are the separated the space between them is a synaptic lift impulse cannot cross directly so the chemicals are used these chemicals neurotransmitters neurotransmitters in the synaptic vessels vesicles are present in the axon terminal when a when action potential reaches the axon terminal vesicles move towards the membrane vicles fuse with the plasma membrane neurotransmitter released into the synaptic clft. They bind to the specific receptors anger on the post synaptic membrane. This binding opens the ion channels. Ions enter and create a new potential. The new potential may be exitatory and inhibitory. Thus, impulse is successfully transmitted from one neuron to another neuron.

[01:18:50]Okay.

[01:19:00]Okay.

[01:19:07]Next.

[01:19:09]Next. 18.4.

[01:19:11]Central neural system. Very important.

[01:19:19]Okay.

[01:19:26]18.4. Central neural system. First of all, what is central neural system?

[01:19:32]Central neural system is the main control system of the body. It includes brain and the spinal cord. Among these, the brain is the most important organ.

[01:19:42]Spinal cord the most important.

[01:19:45]Brain. Brain it's a command and control system. The brain is the central information processing organ of a body.

[01:19:53]It acts like a command and the control system. This means it receives the information processing the information gives instructions to the body.

[01:20:04]Next control of voluntary moments. The brain controls the voluntary movements.

[01:20:11]Voluntary movements. The movements done by our own will. Our own will movement.

[01:20:20]Example, walking, writing, speaking.

[01:20:22]Okay.

[01:20:35]Okay. So, voluntary movement. Okay.

[01:20:38]Walking, writing, speaking along.

[01:20:40]Control of body balance. The brain maintains the balance of the body. It helps us stand straight, walk properly, maintain the posture.

[01:20:52]Control of vital involuntary organs. The brain controls the vital involuntary organs, lungs, heart, kidneys.

[01:21:04]Involuntary organs work automatically without our conscious control.

[01:21:14]Okay.

[01:21:18]Regulation of body temperature. The brain controls the thermmore regulation.

[01:21:23]Thermmorreulation maintains the normal body temperature. Example sweating in heat, shivering in cold.

[01:21:31]Control of hunger and thirst. The brain regulates hunger, thirst. It tells us when to eat, when to drink water.

[01:22:02]circadian rhythms. The brain controls circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms. A 24-hour biological cycle. Example, in the sleepwake cycle, day night rhythm.

[01:22:18]Control of endocrine glands. The brain controls the activities of several endocrine glands. Endocrine glands release the hormones. Thus, the brain connects the nervous system plus the endocrine system.

[01:22:37]Control of human behavior. The brain controls the human behavior. This includes reactions, social behavior, personality.

[01:22:49]Right. Next. Brain as a center of higher functions. The brain is a site for processing the vision, hearing, speech, memory, intelligence, emotions and thoughts.

[01:23:04]Protection of the brain. The human brain is well protected by skull.

[01:23:10]The skull forms a hardy bony box around the brain. Cranial managers. Inside the skull, the brain is covered by cranial managers. Cranial menes are the protective membranes.

[01:23:24]Layers of cranial managers. Very important.

[01:23:28]Cranial manes. Three layers. Have three layers. Duram. Outermost layer tough and thick. The araboid matter middle layer very thin matter is a innermost layer in direct contact with the brain tissue.

[01:23:52]Next major parts of the brain.

[01:23:56]The brain is divided into three major parts. Forbrain, midbrain and hindbrain.

[01:24:04]Very very important.

[01:24:07]Okay. Um very important.

[01:24:10]Next memory booster. The central nervous system includes brain and the spinal cord. The brain is a command and the control system of the human body. It controls the voluntary movements in the body balance. It regulates the vital organs like heart and lungs and kidneys.

[01:24:22]The brain controls the thermal regulation, hunger and the thirst. It maintains the circuit in form. The brain regulates the endocrine gland activity.

[01:24:28]It controls the human behavior. The brain processing the vision, hearing, speech, memory, intelligence, emotions, thoughts. The brain is protected by the skull. It further protected by the cranial.

[01:24:38]The brain has three major parts for brain. brain, middle brain.

[01:24:50]Okay.

[01:24:53]Next.

[01:24:55]Next.

[01:24:59]One second.

[01:25:09]Okay. Great. 18.4.1 Okay.

[01:25:19]18.4.1 The forbrain.

[01:25:22]What is the forbrain? The forbrain is the major part of the human brain. It is involved in thinking, memory, emotions and voluntary reactions. Forbrain consists of three important parts.

[01:25:35]Cerebrum, and hypothalamus. In the figure is very important.

[01:25:42]The parts of forbrain. The forbrain include cerebrum, thealamus and hypothalamus. Among these, the cerebrum is the largest and the most important part. Cerebrum, the largest part of the brain. The cerebran forms the major part of the human brain. It is responsible for the intelligence, memory, thinking and the voluntary movements. At the division of the cerebrum into hemispheres, a deep cliff divides the cerebrum longitudinally lengthwise. This division forms two hearts.

[01:26:16]Left cerebral hemisphere, right cerebral hemisphere.

[01:26:21]Cerebral hemispheres. The left and the right cerebral hemispheres work together. Each hemisphere controls opposite side of the body. Um each hemisphere controls opposite side of the body. Clear? Next. Corpus colosm.

[01:26:42]Connecting bridge. The two hemispheres are connected by a thick tract of nerve fibers called corpus colosm. Corpus colosm allows the communication between left and the right hemispheres. Okay.

[01:26:57]Communication between left and the right hemispheres. Cerebral cortex. The outer layer. The cerebral cortex is the outer layer covering each cerebral hemisphere.

[01:27:08]It is made up of a layer of cells at the folds of cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is thrown into prominent folds.

[01:27:20]These folds increase the surface area allow more neurons to fit inside the gray matter. The cerebral cortex is called gray matter. Reason it has a grayish appearance. This color is due to high concentration of neuron cell bies.

[01:27:46]Neuron cell bodies are mainly present here.

[01:27:50]Function areas of cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex contains motor areas, sensory areas and association areas.

[01:28:00]Association areas. Association areas are the regions neither clearly motor nor sensory.

[01:28:09]They perform complex functions. NS such as interensory association, memory and communication at the white matter. The inner part of the cerebral hemisphere is called the white matter. It is made up of ner fiber fats. These fibers are covered with myelin sheath.

[01:28:32]Okay.

[01:28:34]Why is it called white matter? Myelin sheath gives an opaque white appearance.

[01:28:42]Hence this region is called white matter.

[01:28:45]Simple memory booster. The forbrain consists of cerebrum,alamus, hypothalamus. Cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain. A deep clft divides the cerebrum into left cereal hemisphere, right cerebal hemisphere.

[01:28:57]The hemispheres are connected by the copper colosum. The outer layer of the cerebrum is a cerebral cortex. The cerebal cortex is highly folded called gray matter. Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies. Cereal cortex has motor area, sensory area association areas.

[01:29:11]Association areas control the memory communication into sensory association.

[01:29:15]Inner part of the cerebrum is a white matter. White matter is formed by mileelinated fibers. Myelin gives white appearance.

[01:29:26]Next continuation.

[01:29:28]Continue in the part in the topic cerebrum and talamus relationship. The cereum wraps around a structure called talamus.

[01:29:39]This means the phalamus lies deep inside covered by the cerebrum. Covered by the cerebrum. This arrangement helps in efficient coordination of signals.

[01:29:58]A major coordinating center. The phalamus is a major coordinating center.

[01:30:04]It coordinates sensory signaling motor signaling. Almost all sensory information smell except the smell passes through the phalamus before reaching the cerebrum. So yeah. Hence thealamus acts like a release station hypothalamus location. Another very important part of the brain is the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus lies positional lies at the base of the phalamus.

[01:30:38]Though small, it has a very powerful control functions.

[01:30:45]Hypalamus control of body temperature.

[01:30:49]The hypothalamus contains the centers that control the body temperature. It helps maintain the normal internal temperature. Example the sweating, shivering, control of the hunger and thirst.

[01:31:03]Hypothalamus controls urge for eating, urge for drinking water. So yeah, this urges are essential for survival energy balance.

[01:31:17]Okay.

[01:31:23]Neurosctory cells in the hypothalamus.

[01:31:25]The hypothalamus contains groups of neurosctory cells. These cells are special. Yeah. Because they are because they are neurons. But they secrete another hormones. Neuro secretary cells.

[01:31:43]But they secrete hormones.

[01:31:47]Hypothalamic hormones. Neuroscratory cells release hypothalamic hormones. These hormones regulate the activity of other endocrine glands. Thus the hypothalamus acts as a link between nervous system and the endocrine systems clear. Next, lyic system. Very important.

[01:32:14]Lyic system formation. The inner parts of the cerebral hemispheres along with deep associated structures like amygdala, hypocampus together form a complex structure called lyic lobe or lyic system. Very very important.

[01:32:37]Next amigdala and hypocampus. Amydala involved in emotions. Hippoc camp is important for memory. These structures are essential for emotion behavioral control.

[01:32:50]Lyic system and hypothalamus together.

[01:32:53]The lyic system works along with the hypothalamus.

[01:32:59]Together they regulate the emotions, behavior and motivation.

[01:33:04]Okay. The regulation of sexual behavior.

[01:33:08]Lyic system plus hypothalamus control the sexual behavior.

[01:33:14]This includes sexual drive, reproductive behavior like the control of emotions and motivation. These systems regulate emotional reactions. excitement, pleasure, rage, fear, motivation, desire to act, goal directed behavior.

[01:33:38]Right. Next, memory booster. The cerebrum wraps around the thealamus.

[01:33:43]Thealamus is a major coordinating center for sensory signals, motor signals.

[01:33:47]Hypothalamus lies at the base of the phalamus. Hypothalamus control the body temperature, hunger, thirst.

[01:33:52]Hypothalamus contains the neuroscratory cells. These cells secrete the hypothalamic hormones. Hypothalamus links the nervous system and the endocrine system. Inner parts of the cerebral hemisphere plus the deep structures form the inner patholyic system. Important lyic system structures and an amigdala hypocampus lyic system with the hypothalamus regulate the sexual behavior, emotions, motivation, emotional expressions include excitement, pleasure, rage and fear.

[01:34:18]Okay. So in the topic Okay.

[01:34:33]Next 18.4.2 just 2 minutes. Just 2 minutes. Welcome back.

[01:34:52]2 minutes. 2 minutes. I'll come back.

[01:34:53]Okay.

[01:36:23]Okay. So this one next 18.4.2 midbrain.

[01:36:36]What is midbrain? The midbrain is a part of the brain stem. The brain stem. It acts as a connecting link between different parts of the brain. It plays a important role in coordination of sensory and motor activities. Position of midbrain.

[01:36:58]The midbrain is located position very important between the forbrain and the hindbrain.

[01:37:05]Specifically, it lies below the phalamus and the hypothalamus of the forbrain and above the pawns of hand brain.

[01:37:18]Hence it acts as a bridge between the forbrain and the hindbrain position of midbrain relation with forbrain. The upper side of the midbrain is connected to the phalamus hypothalamus. These structures are part of forbrain relation with hindbrain. The lower side of the midbrain is connected to pawns.

[01:37:45]Pawns is a part of hind brain.

[01:37:50]Cerebral aqueduct very important term. A narrow canal called cerebral aqueduct passes through the midbrain.

[01:38:00]This canal is very important.

[01:38:04]Cerebral aqueduct function of cerebral aqueduct. The cereal aqueduct connects the cavities of the brain. Connects the cavities of the brain. allows the flow of cerebrros spinal fluid. Very very important. Allows the flow of cerebroal fluid. CSR helps in the production and nutrient nutrition of the brain tissue.

[01:38:26]Next door cell portion of the midbrain.

[01:38:29]The dorsal portion means the back side of the midbrain. This part has a very distinct structure.

[01:38:39]Quadroina very important. The dorsal portion of the midbrain consists mainly of four ethna four round swellings.

[01:38:50]These swellings are called carpora quadricina meaning.

[01:39:06]Soina means four rounded bodies.

[01:39:12]Next structure of corpora quadricum these are lobes swellings present on the dorsal side of the midbrain. They are arranged in two pairs. They are arranged in two pairs.

[01:39:28]Next importance of corporatina.

[01:39:32]Corpora quattroimina are mainly involved in visual reflex auditory reflex. They help in turning head towards light and responding to the sound. Poor job at the role of midbrain. The midbrain acts as a pathway for nerve impulses. Helps in the reflex actions. Connects major brain regions.

[01:40:00]Memory booster. The midbrain is a part of the brain stem. It is located between the forbrain and the headbrain. It lies below the thealamus and the hypothalamus and above the pawns. Correct. A canal called the cerebral aquidate passes through the midbrain. Cerebral aquidate allows the flow of cerebral spinal fluid. The dorsal back portion of the midbrain is special. Yeah. It contains four round swellings. These swellings are called corpora quadricina. Quaradra corpora quadroimina means four bodies.

[01:40:28]They're involved in visual reflex audiary reflexes. Midbrain helps in impulse conduction coordination between the brain parts. So this one clear next final part 18.4.3 hindb brain hindbrain hindbrain 18.4.3 and 4.3 hindb brain. What is hindbrain? The hindbrain is a major part of the human brain. It plays a key role in coordination, balance, vital life functions. The handbrain is made up of three parts. Very important.

[01:41:11]Parts of the hembrain. The hindbrain comprises pawns, cerebilum, meda, also called what? Meda.

[01:41:19]The pawns the connecting bridge.

[01:41:22]Pawns consists of fiber tracts. These fiber tracts interconnect different regions of the brain. Pawns act like a bridge for signal transmission.

[01:41:36]Add the function of the pawns. Pawns helps in passing the nerve impulses communication between brain parts. It ensures smooth coordination of the activities. Three. Next. Cerebellum.

[01:41:53]highly folded structure. The cerebulum has a very convoluted folded folded surface. Convoluted means many folds and ridges. Okay.

[01:42:08]Why is the cerebrum highly convoluted?

[01:42:11]The convoluted surface provides additional space. This extra space allows many more neurons.

[01:42:21]More neurons equal to better control and coordination.

[01:42:24]Functions of cerebellum. Cerebellum helps in functions of balance of the body, posture, precision of movements.

[01:42:32]It ensures movements are smooth and accurate.

[01:42:38]Middle.

[01:42:40]The meda is also called middle of blanket. It is very very important life supporting part okay of the brain.

[01:42:49]Connection of medela to the spinal cord.

[01:42:52]The medela is connected to the spinal cord. This connection allows the messages to pass between the brain and the spinal cord.

[01:43:04]Vital centers in the med.

[01:43:07]The medela contains centers that control in respiration, respiration, breathing, cardiovascular reflexes, heart rate, blood pressure, gastric secretions, digestive juices. Okay.

[01:43:26]Brain stem. Three major regions form the brain stem. Midbrain, bones, and metal blanket. These three together are called the brain stem. serum that is the function of the brain stem. The brain stem forms the connection between the brain and the spinal cord. It acts as a main pathway for nerve impulses.

[01:43:53]Memory booster the ring consist of porn cerebulum.

[01:43:57]Pawns contains the fiber tracks that connects the different regions of the brain. Cerebulum is a highly convoluted surface. Convolutions provide extra space for the many neurons. Cerebulum controls the balance, posture, smooth voluntary movements. Meda oblangata is connected to the spinal cord. Medela contains a vital center controlling respiration, gas, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions. Brain stem is formed by the midbrain pawns, metal oblangator. Brain stem forms the link between brain and the spinal cord.

[01:44:29]Clear?

[01:44:39]Wait.

[01:44:42]Chapter summary. Entire chapter summary.

[01:44:44]Okay.

[01:44:48]Chapter summary.

[01:44:51]Neural control and coordination.

[01:44:54]First role of the neural system.

[01:44:57]The neural system coordinates and integrates the functions of the all principa. controls the metabolic activities, homeostatic activities, maintaining the internal balance. This ensures the body works as united one united system.

[01:45:10]Neurons function. Neurons are the functions of the neural system. Neurons are external cells. They are exitable because of the differential concentration gradients of ions across the neural membrane. At the resting potential, when a neuron is not transmitting an impulse, there's a electrical potential difference. This difference across the resting membrane is called resting potential.

[01:45:34]Nerve impulse conduction. A nerve impulse is conducted along the axon as a wave.

[01:45:41]This wave consists of depolarization repolarization synapse junction between the neurons. A synapse is formed by preinaptic neuron post synaptic neuron. These membranes may or may not be separated by a gap.

[01:45:56]This gap is called synaptic are the neurotransmitters. At chemical synapses, impulse transmission happens using chemicals. These chemicals are called neuro neurotransmitters.

[01:46:09]They help transmit the impulses from one neuron to another neuron. Are the parts of human neural system. The human neural system has two parts. Central nervous system and peripal nervous system.

[01:46:22]Central nervous system consist of brain spinal the brain is the main control center major parts of the brain forbrain midbrain forbrain tissue the forbrain consist of cereal cerebrumalamus hypothalamus the cereb is divided into two house left hemisphere right hemisphere these are connected by the corpus colism hypothalamus control body temperature eating drinking lyic system inner parts of the cereal hemisphere is a deep structures for the lyic system it connect it is concerned with alaction autonomic response sexual behavior emotion reactions and motivation correct under the midbrain and hindbrain.

[01:46:55]Midbrain receives and integrates the bush tackle audiary inputs. Hindbrain consists of pawns med pawn cerebella medula. Cerebellum integrates the information from semicircular canals of the your audiary system. Medula controls the respiration cardio fluxes gastric secretions. Born in contains the fiber tracts interconnects the different brain regions.

[01:47:26]The neural system coordinates and integrates all organ functions. It controls the metabolism and homeostasis.

[01:47:30]Neurons are extraable cells due to the ions gradients. The electrical difference in resting is resting potential. Nerve impulse travels as a waves of depolarization and repolarization. Neurons communicate through the synapses. Synapse may be synaptic may have the synaptic lift.

[01:47:44]Neurotransmitters transmit the impulses at chemical synapses. Human neural system is equal to central nervous system plus cical nervous system.

[01:47:52]Central nervous system is equal to brain plus spinal cord. Brain bar for brain and brain. Forbrain cerebral hypothalamus cerebrum hemispheres joined by corpus colosism. Hypothalamus controls the temperature, hunger and thirst. Limic system controls the smell, emotion, sexual behavior, motivation.

[01:48:11]Midbrain integrates the visual, tactile, auditory and inputs.

[01:48:18]Balance and the coordination breathing hard and digest.

[01:48:26]Okay.

[01:48:31]Next topic entire chapter MCQs question.

[01:48:51]Practice questions.

[01:49:11]Waste. Utter waste. Waste of time.

[01:49:28]chapter wise questions practice.

[01:49:31]So in the chapter so in the chapter so com and next okay until then bye-bye. I see you.