How was this painted 400 years ago?

[00:00:00]Check out the curtain pulled back at the top of this room. See how soft those highlights are, almost bleeding into each other? That's weird for a curtain sitting that close to you.

[00:00:09]That's actually what happens when light [music] passes through a camera lens that hasn't quite focused yet. And it's a big reason historians think Vermeer was messing around with some kind of >> [music] >> camera obscura. Basically, a box that projects an image onto a surface way before anyone had a real camera. Now, slide your eyes down past that blur, and boom, everything's sharp again. The woman standing there has crisp linen at her collar and sharp folds in her blue silk dress.

[00:00:39]And her face looks defined enough that she could just turn around and talk to you. That's Clio, the muse of history.

[00:00:45]She's got a laurel wreath sitting a little crooked on her head. In one hand, she's holding a trumpet, and in the other, a big book that some historians think is supposed to be an ancient history text, maybe Herodotus. None of that stuff is random, by the way.

[00:00:58]Artists back then basically had a cheat sheet for how to paint ideas as people. And Vermeer just pulled [music] straight from it. Now, look at the guy actually painting her.

[00:01:08]We only see his back, but his outfit is doing a lot of work here. Black jacket slashed open at the shoulders and spine, [music] so you can see the white shirt underneath. And honestly, the whole style was already out of fashion by the time Vermeer was even alive. Nobody actually painted in an outfit like that.

[00:01:25]It's basically a costume. And it turns some regular guy with a brush into something that looks more like a figure from an old story. Above him, there's this big gold chandelier, and right at the top of it, there's a two-headed eagle built into [music] the metal.

[00:01:40]That's the Habsburg family crest, the dynasty that used to run the whole Netherlands before it split apart. And get this, there's not a single lit candle anywhere in that chandelier. Once you notice that, it starts looking less like a prop and more like a statement.

[00:01:57]On the table between the two of them, there's a plaster mask just lying on its side. Back then, a mask like that stood for the idea that painting is basically just copying real life, nothing more.

[00:02:10]So, there's this quiet little object sitting right there basically commenting on the whole scene happening around it.

[00:02:18]And then there's the map. It takes up almost a third of the back wall and it's a real map printed in 16 36 by a guy named Klaes Jansz Visscher, one of the top mapmakers in the Netherlands at the time. It shows the old 17 provinces with tiny painted skylines running along the edges, detailed enough that people have actually matched them to real cities. Vermeer painted that paper like it had actual years on it. The varnish gone kind of amber, the whole sheet sagging near the bottom where it's hanging off two thin wooden rods. Here's the part most people totally miss. That map was already 40 years old and out of date by the time Vermeer picked up his brush. The country on it stopped existing back in 1581 >> [music] >> when the northern provinces broke off from Spain and made their own republic, the same one Vermeer was actually living in. Anybody in that room back then would have taken one look and known it was a map [music] of history, not a map of anywhere real anymore. Kind of like seeing a map today that still has the Soviet Union on it.

[00:03:21]Right down the middle of that map, there is a fold and Vermeer painted the same level of care he gave every single pearl earring he ever painted. That fold basically lines up with where the country actually split, north from south. Some historians think that's on purpose. Others think it's just how old paper folds. But given how careful Vermeer was with something as small as a blurry curtain, I don't think you can just wave that off.

[00:03:46]This guy wasn't just eyeballing any of this either. If you look at the exact spot where all the lines in the room meet, right near Cleo's hand, there's an actual pinhole still sitting there in the canvas. He probably tied a string to it to draw every single line in the room back to one exact point, like a draftsman using a nail and a ruler.

[00:04:04]That's how you get a room this complicated to feel completely real instead of just kind of close.

[00:04:10]He worked slow, too.

[00:04:12]Across his whole career, Vermeer only finished around 35 paintings.

[00:04:16]And some years he might have only made two or three. And painting wasn't even really his job. He ran an inn his dad left him in Delft, and that's probably what actually paid the bills.

[00:04:26]He died in 1675 with 11 kids and a mountain of debt. Creditors showed up fast. And by then most of what he'd painted was already sold off just to keep things afloat. This one didn't go with the rest.

[00:04:38]His wife actually tried to keep it away from the people collecting on what he owed, and it stuck around in the family until the debt finally took it.

[00:04:46]Anyway, what happened after that is honestly kind of wild for such a quiet painting.

[00:04:52]Vermeer's name basically disappeared for about 100 years.

[00:04:55]When this thing showed back up in the early 1800s, someone had faked another artist's signature on it, Pieter de Hooch, a guy who was way more famous at the time, just to jack up the price.

[00:05:07]Eventually, a scholar figured out it was actually Vermeer's work, and that discovery is a huge reason people take him seriously today.

[00:05:14]By the 1930s, it was worth enough that the owner tried selling it to the American banker Andrew Mellon, but Austria blocked with export laws. Then after Germany took over Austria, Hermann Göring tried to grab it through a middleman and got denied because it counted as protected cultural property.

[00:05:32]In the end, it was Hitler who got it, paying 1.82 million Reichsmark for it in November 1940.

[00:05:38]He kept it at his place in Munich until it got hidden away during the war.

[00:05:43]Allied troops found it after Germany fell, and it went right back to the museum in Vienna where it's still hanging today.

[00:05:50]So, think about everything in that room again. A curtain painted blurry like it came through a camera lens.

[00:05:55]A pinhole hidden in the canvas that anchored the whole room to one exact point.

[00:06:00]Vermeer even used ultramarine, the [music] most expensive blue you could get at the time, shipped in from lapis lazuli mined all the way in Afghanistan, and put it on Cleo's dress when cheaper blue paint definitely [music] existed.

[00:06:11]And behind all of it, a map showing a country that hadn't existed in 40 years.

[00:06:18]Folded right along the line where it actually broke apart. None of that proves anything on its own. But, a guy who's this careful about a hidden pinhole nobody was ever supposed to notice isn't the kind of guy who just tosses random junk on a wall. Vermeer basically packed an entire argument about painting into one room, then held onto that room for the rest of his life, right up until poverty finally took it from him. What do you think he was really trying to protect when his wife fought to keep this one painting away from his creditors? Let me know down in the comments, and I'll catch you in the next one.

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