Plastics contain over 16,000 chemicals, with more than one-quarter classified as hazardous, including hormone-disrupting compounds that interfere with the body's endocrine system. These chemicals can leach out of plastic containers, especially when heated, and enter the human body through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. Research has found microplastics in human brains, with 50% more plastic detected in 2024 compared to 2016. Nanoplastics, which are smaller than 10 nanometers, can cross biological membranes and accumulate in organs, potentially causing inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell damage. The plastic industry argues that more research is needed before taking action, but decades of evidence on chemical effects and recent findings on nanoplastic accumulation suggest urgent regulatory action is warranted.
ThePlasticWithin
Added:It's great to be here. I love love love this audience. You guys are really like it's a nice audience to work with because I get to see you pretty much every year and every year things change, right? The science in this is not inert and neither is plastic itself, right? So that's the whole point. Um I thought I'd start out tonight, well, we thought we would start out tonight with a a preview of a documentary that dropped on Netflix in April that was like custom made for this stuff. We have known for a long time, and we'll talk about it more in my lecture, that plastics disrupt hormones.
There are chemicals in them that disrupt hormones. They're signaling system for your whole body, but of course, especially your reproductive system. And uh there's this investigator named Shauna Swan who spent the last 30 or 40 years. She's in her 90s now. She's in film. She's been looking into the ways in which they do it, and she's kind of turned into like the Dr. Ruth of plastics. So, they did a Thank you.
Perfect. They did a documentary about her and her work and uh I need to show you the preview for it cuz it is just wildly engaging. So, first I'm going to do that so that you're all totally interested and we all know the stinks of what we're sitting here for and it'll probably get you upset which is the point, right? We need to take action.
John will tell you what's going on here and now in the world of action and then I'll get into the nitty-gritty of the science, the most the latest science.
spend a lot of time hanging out with scientists these days and it's fascinating and most of the time I'm like people need to hear this. So this is my attempt to bring it all home. Um so without further ado, here we go.
>> Microplast everything out.
>> Just a crap ton of chemicals.
>> Even the smallest levels of exposure can have profound effects.
Fertility worldwide is going down and it is tightly linked to chemicals that are commonly used in plastic. You have been trying to get pregnant for over 10 years now. 22 months. Two and a half years.
Say what you always call yourself.
>> Ah, I say you know Julia dildo.
>> This is a 3 month intervention where we recruited six couples who have unexplained infertility.
We look at measures of extreme quality.
The cut off for fertile is about 40.
You're technically subfertile internal.
So that's kind of scary.
>> Yes.
>> The question is if we lower people's exposure to chemicals that are in plastics, can we change their fertility?
These chemicals not only affect your fertility, they also have other health consequences. These chemicals can contribute to early heart attacks and stroke, autism, as well as obesity.
>> Learning more about plastics is opening my eyes to how much bigger it is.
>> Many people think the government takes care of us, but very few chemicals are actually banned from personal care products and over,00 are banned in the EU.
have a child. I believe it is a fundamental you are right.
>> I think you'd be the best mom ever and I really want to see that for you.
>> Classic doesn't have to come from toxic petroleum based material. We can learn to do it otherwise.
>> You can change and you can help with the change.
>> All right. So, yeah, that is only on Netflix, but it's streaming now. I think we turned this up a lot. Um anyway, so I will tell you more about all of that or some of that. I run an organization now that organizes the researchers who do this and the physicians who translate what they're finding um and pulls them all together grassroots wise in order to talk to patients and legislators and especially other doctors. So I work with her. So I've got skinny. So stick around. But in the meantime, we need people like John fighting the good fight around here. So, he's going to hop up. I'm going to switch from my computer to his computer.
This is where the jiu-jitsu happens. Uh, and get him set up.
How is everyone? You guys good?
>> Have people seen that video before?
>> Have you seen the whole thing? It's an amazing film. If you haven't seen it, it's pretty incredible. I highly encourage you to watch that. So, my name is John Meyer. I'm an attorney here in Bosezeman. Um the nonprofit, uh we are nonprofit. I'm the executive director.
or 501c3.
Uh when I started lawyering, I thought I'd just represent other groups and life be good and realized we already have another environmental law uh firm in town. And they were all the clients were going to them because I had no experience. And so I lost several cases and came to this realization, hey, if I had clients uh that really knew what was going on, then we could do a lot of things. We could do whatever we wanted.
So we changed our bylaws to not only be a law firm, but now we're a conservation organization. So we have members. So people donate five 10 bucks a month and say, "I'm a member of Cottonwood and can you help me on this issue?" And so that's how we got started on some of the plastics work is uh Cottonwood handles cases that other groups just don't handle. So right now Cottonwood is working on stopping uh single-use plastics from being distributed. We're the only conservation group in Montana with that lawsuit. We are also representing several members across the state of Montana who said this is not right and we should be able to stop single-use plastics from moving forward.
So we're on the ground and in the courts.
This guy here, his name is Spencer. He is now a clerk for a Supreme Court justice in Utah. He came through Cottonwood a couple years ago. That's me in April. Uh, so every year the University of Montana hosts one argument from the Montana Supreme Court. So all the Supreme Court justices go to the University of Montana. It's open to the public. This year they chose a case that I'm I'm working on that I I've represented. This woman right here. Does anyone know who that is?
That is Mayan Ellington.
Mayan was one of the delegates 1972 constitutional convention. So she wrote the preamble to 1972 constitution.
So yeah, it's a beautiful piece of writing.
Uh and so the state of Montana has continued to try and eliminate our rights to pass initiatives. Montana Constitution says we have the right to ballot initiatives. And so the Montana constit uh the Montana legislature is trying to eliminate that. So I represent main and several other delegates that are still alive from the constitutional convention and uh we won in district court. State of Montana appealed and now we're defending our win in the Montana Supreme Court. We should have a decision in the next few months. Um next slide please. Oh just me.
So we are bout initiative monsters. In the last couple years, Cottonwood has worked on single leaf plastics. We've worked on affordable housing and right now we have a bout initiative in but so Luke is a intern for Cottonwood. He goes to undergrad at Harvard. He came out here.
We have an office in but now and he's helping run the but campaign. people be want to regulate data centers and so Luc is helping get the signatures and get that running right now as well. So in terms of single use plastics uh Cottonwood drafted the initiative we got 23% of registered voters imposement in under 90 days which is amazing. Uh Dan Cardi, where are you?
>> There he is. Dan here is um one of the most persistent amazing people you'll ever meet. Uh Dan, rain or shine. Didn't matter. Was always out there collecting signatures. Probably collected a couple thousand plus.
>> No. 800.
>> That was it.
>> I can't believe it.
No, he No, Terry.
>> Terry helped. Ian helped.
>> Anyone else here? Who else helped?
Client Bren. Yep. June Marcy. So, we have a bunch of people here who helped get this on the ballot. So, we get it on the ballot. It passes by 64%.
City of Montana doesn't like it. Says, "No, no, no. That's that's illegal because the law that we passed in 2021 HP47 prevents citizens from passing local bounds to regulate single-use plastics.
And they said that the law prevents you from passing this. So you may go, you know, pound sand because it's not allowed. So, state of Montana appeals uh and the Montana Supreme Court said if you guys win the second half of your lawsuit, then the Bosezeman plastic bag ban goes into effect. The second part of the lawsuit asks whether single-use plastics infringe upon our right to a clean and healthful environment.
So, this is what the judge said. um this case may come down to a battle of the experts where the focus will be whether the challenge statute is cause of or is likely to cause an unconstitutional infringement. So we have a trial this December um in Helena on this issue.
This is the Montana Constitution here requires the legislature to provide adequate remedies to protect our environment. And HB47, the law that we're challenging in court, prevents us from regulating single use plastics. So, how can we have a remedy to protect the environment if we can't pass an initiative and local governments can't regulate single use plastics?
So Montana has two experts in the case.
Uh Mr. Weinhall uh is a representative of the plastic manufacturing industry.
Uh this is what they gave us. So I'm not making this stuff up. This is literally what state of Montana gave us the last time there. He's literally been in every grocery store in the state of Montana.
So that's Montana's expert. this the second expert there. Um, >> this is their second expert, Dr. Kelly Johnson. And now we're going to watch a video that we found of Dr. Johnson being interviewed.
I know in New York there was a dad Now, you talked about like staying away from the certain things like plastic bags. I know in New York, uh there was a ban on plastic bags like uh you know, getting up from the supermarket and stuff like that. Um and that was just like one step to help, you know. What are your thoughts on things like that?
You know, when the law get involved and say like, "Hey, let's try to uh reduce our use of plastic."
you know, I think it's a good idea.
>> So, that is uh the state of Montana's expert say it's a good idea when the law is involved to reduce classes. So, in the next few weeks, we're going to ask the court to decide the case in our favor without having to uh bring a bunch of experts from all over the world uh to talk about how it's impacting our health. Um, assuming that the judge does not grant what's called the motion for summary judgement, we're going to have a trial in December. And these are some of Cottonwood's experts.
>> Can't read that fast.
Let me give you guys. Sorry.
Hi.
>> I I'll talk about Dr. Wolf in a minute.
>> You better not.
So, uh, five to six day jury trial in Helena. We love it if, uh, the public folks came and joined us. This is what I think is going to be the first jury trial in the country, if not the world, that's going to talk about single classes. This is a pretty big deal.
So, next Wednesday, how can you get involved between now and December? Next Wednesday, 9:00 a.m. Cottonwood has adopted a stretch of Highway 191 as you're going into the Gallatin Canyon there. Uh, right as you literally cross into the canyon, there's the Gallat River there. We're going to meet right after that bridge for Highway Clean up.
We've adopted two sections of Highway 191. So, if you want to come and talk about plastics or uh other forms of litter or whatever it is, uh we'd love to get your help. Provide some coffee, uh all that good stuff. And then on July 30th, Cottonwood is having a party.
We'll provide burgers, drinks, all that good stuff. We talk about everything else that Cottonwood's doing.
I just found this uh today somewhere on my hard drive and it jumped out at me.
Um >> this case has been going on for since 2023 and it'll be going on through 2027. And we are a nonprofit. Uh we have a lot of really amazing experts and not all of them are working for free. Uh we have other attorneys on our team uh and so we're always trying to raise money so that we can do this. So if you uh would consider making a donation, it's all taxdeductible. Uh we really appreciate that and I can be with anybody who's interested at any time. Uh with that said, um Dr. Wolf um one of the smartest, most savvy, um, well-versed scientists you're going to meet. Um, the dedication is incredible.
U, no offense, it borders on like, uh, what they say like on the spectrum. I mean, it's incredible. The the amount of She's like a sponge. Like the amount of information that Megan has about the impacts of plastics is just incredible.
and it's such a blessing to have her on our team. Uh I don't have your CV, but I know you're brilliant and you went to some high-end schools and you have a ton of training and you've worked with all these people and you talk all over the country about these issues. So, um with that, I'd like to welcome Dr. Molf.
>> Thank you. That was really sweet, John.
Um yeah, I'm I'm indoctrinated. Uh I do go to a lot of um workshops and I get to hang out basically with the scientists.
Having discovered that once you get a bunch of of letters after your name, when you walk into a fancy room and they're like, "Hi, can I listen in?" And you say, "Oh, by the way, I'm I'm doctor. I don't know what I'm talking about." They let you sit there. Um and then you know what you're talking about and they take you seriously, which was actually really the point of doing it in the first place. uh was to get into the room where it happens and get the people in there to take me seriously and they are which is super cool. So actually I just came back um last week from what I was calling endocrine disruption summer camp which was a convening of 125 of the scientists that are doing this work for a week just hanging out talking about their latest unpublished research findings all morning long and then in the afternoon going hiking and like literally they had like marshmallow roasting in the evening. It was really fun um and totally scary.
So uh I changed up my slide deck this time to include a lot of what I have been learning from people that you know let me come and sit in the room and then oftentimes they also join my organization and that allows me to put them into contact with people like John and to be part of the fight that needs to be happening. So Mary Kosuth Pnap Rob Byron Pnap Shauna Swan Pnap Pnap's the name of my group by the way. basically everybody there except the Montana guy Elser. I don't know him yet, but soon he'll be in peace now. Mark my words or don't. Anyway, uh let's see. Now I just have to remember how to run my own slide deck and we'll be good. Um why is this I'm missing a prompt here.
Sorry. That's the embarrassing part. I know everything about plastic, but I can't use my own computer. Um here we go. Come on. Where are you?
There's usually like a thing up here.
Aha, there we go. He was hiding. Okay, so latest updates on the human health story of plastics or microlastics. Um I joke around that people who I get to talk to a lot are really interested in horror stories or you know like horror movies. It is and it's not. Um it's it's fascinating stuff and like most times when you you say don't waste a crisis.
People are really interested in micro and nanoplastic. What's happening as it gets down to these small fragments, gets into our bodies? What's going on? Turns out we have decades of research about what happens when those little microparticles contact cells get into living organisms. We've known for decades, it's called environmental health, and everybody falls asleep. You start talking about chemicals, everybody falls asleep. But it's the same chemicals that are in microlastics that are getting into our bodies. So, we already had a head start in knowing what's going on with this, and now the research is crunching super fast. So, almost all of what I'm going to talk about right now is a combination of the environmental backstory, very shortened, um, and research that's just come out in the last 5 years, just moving at lightning speed. Um, this is sort of my theory of how to, it's my theory of change, as they say. I initially, um, I trained as a historian, a medical historian. Those who have seen me before have heard me talk about this. One thing you learn from history real fast is that people make history. It doesn't just happen. It's not automatic. People make choices. Choices get us to places. And if you look back at who made that decision, when and why, you can figure out how we got here and you can try to figure out how we're going to get out.
Um, it's not inevitable. Problems that are not inevitable are solvable. And that can seem really daunting when we get into some of our environmental problems. But frankly, these are pretty short-lived problems. Plastic as we know it today hasn't really been around since until about 1950. Plastics were invented in the 1800s. That's its own little lecture. But really, it was after World War II that we started putting plastic into commercial production and making things out of it that were in common use all the time. And we've just been ramping it up since then. And as we ramp it up, we also throw it out because we've been taught that a lot of this stuff you can just use once. It's so cheap. It's so easy to make. It's so inexpensive to produce, at least monetarily. Use it once and throw it away. So, we've managed to produce nearly 10 billion tons of the stuff. And that is the first problem people notice.
Like there just seems to be plastic everywhere. And if you're wondering like what are some of the things, it's not just the single-use stuff. We think of that as like the frivolous plastics, but frankly, I'm wearing an oil spill. This is going to be like rayon. Our our tables, our carpets, our whole built environment has components of plastics in them. And as we're starting to understand what happens to that plastic as it gets into us, things get really interesting. Keep your eye on the prize.
Two things. Um, this is not inevitable.
We can change it. And a lot of it, half of it is totally unnecessary. The packaging, the single-use stuff is literally half of the problem. So, don't feel too worried about your carpeting and your table when we still have half of the easy stuff to get rid of. The carpeting the table we can reformulate later. So, okay, what's the crux of the issue? Well, plastic, it turns out, doesn't just hang around in the environment. I mean, it does that, right? But it breaks down first into what we call macrolastics, which are, you know, little shards of things. If you, you know, are in a parking lot, you saw somebody ran over a pen, those are macroplastics all over the place.
Microlastics are the size of a grain of sand or smaller. And that was a term coined in 2004 or five. So, it's a new term. This is, you know, oh, look, it's getting smaller and smaller. In the last 5 to 10 years, we're getting smaller than that. And that's nanoplastic. And that is what the conferences are all about right now. And that is where the physicians and the research scientists and so on are paying attention because as microplastics go, okay, they're the size of grain as salt, the pencil tip.
You can see on this slide here, they're inhalable. That's not great. But our bodies are built to get rid of stuff that is beyond, you know, largeish. We cough it out. It comes right right back out of our lungs. So not so nice, but not a problem. But as it gets smaller, and it will always get smaller because it never go it never mineralizes. It never goes back to its original components, which are fossil fuels and chemicals. It will not do that. It will not become hydrogen and oxygen and other things. It will remain molecules of plastic. They just get smaller. They go down to the size of a whip strand of DNA, the SARS virus, a particle of smoke. When that happens, that's called resperable. that can get right through the lung. You just breathe it in and it moves across membranes and into the body into the bloodstream and eventually into the organs. So, this is what we're realizing is happening. That's how it's getting into us. We don't entirely know quite what the main pathway is. And there are interesting debates. Is it inhalation? Is it ingestion? Is it what we're eating and drinking? We know that, you know, like the dress I'm wearing right now, if I were to break a sweat, which I probably will because I'm in front of a crowd, you know, the chemicals in this dress and the dyes in this dress will will start to leech and they'll cross through my skin. So, whatever was in this dress is going to be part of me. But that's true for all of us. Don't worry about it too much. We just know that that's a potential way for some of these chemicals to cross.
And that is unnerving. People are especially unnerved about the food part, which I can understand. There was an article that came out, oh gosh, eight or nine years ago now, estimating that under some circumstances, some people could be eating and drinking as much as a credit card of plastic per year. And the press got hold of that and said, "Oh my god, everybody's drinking eating a credit card a week." Sorry, it wasn't per year. It was a week, right? Credit card a week per plastic. And like the world lost its mind. and that was useful for plastics advocates but it was an overstatement.
Even so though it caused people to be number one freaked out and number two kind of disempowered which led to a lot of um dark humor on the internet and in general we started seeing a lot of memes about all the microplastics that we are that we can eat. You can have them on your food, you can have them, you know, they're they're spices. They're the 2030 food pyramid of anti-depressants at the top and microplastics at the bottom. And this I love. I eat a credit card every Sunday. Just get it all out of the way and have a nice plastic free week. So like we deal with what a lot of what we can't handle we deal with with humor which I think is great. But let's think seriously honestly where are they? Like I said the actual microplastics we probably pass which is the vast majority of what we're eating and drinking and inhaling. We're passing it. But there is a tiny fraction of very tiny plastics that are passing through membranes. So there's been a race to research to figure out where they were. You know, what what parts of us are they in? First they were noticed in animals 2018 human feces and then it moves along from there and it just keeps on going. I basically ran out of room on the slide. Um the findings of this year uh follicular fluid um cerebral spinal fluid I think was the more recent one, but we're running out of places to look. It is everywhere. So Oh, okay. What does that do? Well, there are two sides of the ledger here. Particle effects and chemical effects as tiny itty bitty particles. What are they doing? That's really hard to tell because when you get down to the nano scale, it's almost impossible to do any imaging at all.
It's just too small. Every time we get better at imaging, we find more micro and nanoplastic. And we start to be able to guess more. One thing we know about particle effects is everywhere that we find particles if you put them in a petri dish with a living cell or pretty much any animal or if you see them on a it's called a hisytology. It's slide that you know is a part of a human and you can see what's happening there. A couple doctors in the room. I had to look up that word uh last year. So but if you look on a hisystologology slide what you see is inflammation. So, your cells are miserable and you see reactive oxidative stress, which I also had to look out. You see one miserable thing after another until eventually you see some cell death. Um, well, what happened there? Was this was these were these microplastics? Did they just steer the cell or was it the chemicals that the microplastics were made out of that bothered the cell? We can't really tell at this point. And I will say something here. It's very important to the prochemical industry that this not be true because this is a growth product.
As people start to put on more solar panels, buy more electric vehicles, this is where we can put the fossil fuels is into plastic. That's where the fossil carbons go. So this it's important that they hold on to the market. And frankly, we're looking at, you know, a a uh an industry that is easily mistaken for the economy itself. So, what we're hearing a lot of at conferences, in Q&A, kind of everywhere I go since January, which is interesting. It only started in January, is, "Oh, we don't know what's happening with the particles. Therefore, we can't do anything. It's not appropriate to take any action at all because we don't know anything about particles, which is kind of hilarious in a really tart way because we have 40 years of research and more on the chemical effects. And even so, it kind of doesn't matter. It's like humidity. It's both. There's no need to take them apart. It's not you, it's me, it's the heat, it's the humidity. One way or another, you get a wet bulb effect, which is a really sick organism.
We've seen it in the animals. We've seen it in the petri dishes. And when you look at the population health models, which I'll get to, uh, you've seen in us, or at least it really looks like you're seeing in us. Basically right now we're living through what happened with the tobacco industry and smoking as we'd already demonstrated that smoking and cancer were correlated. Then there was demonstration by the 1950s that that was causal and then industry pushed back for 40 or 50 years. We're seeing it now. So we're working on the causal data and that's the stuff I've been going to conferences and like whoa how's it doing what it's doing? Whoa. So, all right. On the chemical side, we think of these little particles that get into the body.
Think of them as Trojan horses. Once they're in there, they're constantly leeching out the chemicals that they are made of. They don't just have the chemicals in them. They are the chemicals. Any given piece of plastic, in order to be hard or be pink or be soft or, you know, not burst into flame, it needs a lot of additives. And it's those additives that I'm talking about.
Also important to mention that all of these are created by the hand of us.
They're all synthetic or what scientists call novel entities. So they don't occur naturally, which means we haven't evolved to deal with them. They're new to us. So they sit in us like Trojan horses and they just continually they're not inert. They just they let themselves go. And I keep saying it's carbon and also carbon based uh sorry it's it's fossil fuels and petrochemicals.
But we know a few things about these chemicals. Um, this is actually old by current standards. 2024, this report found more than 16,325 different chemicals that are in plastic.
They are the plastic. Not every piece of plastic, but these are the ones that can be used um that we know of. Uh, of those, we know that more than one quarter are hazardous.
I I'll spend some time on that. But hazardous in this case, it could mean um carcinogenic, so causes cancer.
Neurotoxic, so high brain cells. I'm trying really hard to hang on to you for as long as I can. Or, and this is where I'll go next, is hormone disrupting.
That's the stuff of Shauna Swan. Um, so this is not in dispute. This, we just, we know this, there's decades of research that more than a quarter of the chemicals and plastics are hazardous.
And then it's this part that really is giving the researchers the heebie-jebies because we don't have any hazard data at all. The way the law works and Shauna had a clip on this just one line, but you think the government is protecting you. The way that protections go with chemicals like this company comes up with the chemical says, "Hey, this is really good at making, you know, making this plastic work great. Let's use it in our product." They release it to the market with a a statement to FDA saying this looks pretty good. They are not required to do any testing. They are not required to submit any data. Period.
Only when you start seeing problems in the population and a lot of independent scientists go through the funding channels, get the data, do the research, prove the research, and so on. So decades later, you find out that that new chemical had a problem. Then you have to get it off the market. That's the American system. So, that's how we wound up with this wheel of chemicals.
This is the only chemistry slide that I'll show you, but I show it at every lecture because I think it's the most important thing. And this year, I even taught it to my daughter's fifth grade Girl Scout troop and had them teach everyone in town. So, the most important thing you can know about plastic is that it's stable, but it's not inert. So, those initial molecules are carbonarbon bonds. It's a polymer backbone. That's what the um uh um fossil carbon is doing. Fossil carbon carbon carbon backbone they get linked. They're really really hard to disrupt because they're covealently bonded which I haven't studied chemistry since I was 15 but I do remember that covealent bonds are those double bonds and they're really hard to break. That's a big part of why plastic doesn't break apart into its initial or you know why it doesn't just become carbon and be just carbon. Um so you've got those but then in order to make it pink or floppy or not burst into flame we start adding additives and that's that wheel. A lot of them are highly toxic and this is just a few that we know about and they might ring bells, right? Phthalates, beast fennels, pasinated flame retardants, just don't eat these, right? Um they sit inside the matrix of the molecule looking pretty, doing their thing, but they are not covealently bonded and that is the most important thing to take away. Not covealently bonded. That means that throughout their entire time as plastic, they will continuously leech out. And the way to make that happen even faster is to microwave them or cook with them, eat off of them, have your food in contact with them. Really bad idea. Um, but particularly that added heat energy is is going to cause the additive chemicals to move into the food. Now, again, you thought like, oh, it's microwave safe. It should be great, right? Microwave safe means that it's safe for the microwave.
It means that it's not going to like the container that your TV dinner is made in isn't going to physically denature and melt all over your microwave. Doesn't mean anything for food. Um, so that's really upsetting. So, here's some kittens.
All right. All right. So, lesson number one, if you cannot eat off of it, that's just don't eat off of it. Okay. Um, you know, get rid of the plastic plates, buy it fresh, and so on.
All right. So, this is really where I was about to say where the money is.
It's not as all the researchers know.
Um, but this is where the concern is. Is the human endocrine system. I said hormones. Hormones are disrupted by a great many of these chemicals. Um, and as you look at, well, what do they do?
Come on. Like actually here for the crowd, right? Name a a a um part of your body, any any organ in the body that responds to hormones, that's dependent on hormones.
reproductive.
>> Brain. We're all thinking about the same series of organs here.
>> Swallowing.
>> Swallowing. It's a trick question because literally every single part of your body is dependent on hormones.
Hormones are the signaling system that contact contact, right? Like you're going to phone. But they are what tells DNA to turn on and off and do its thing.
So, if you have chemicals that look like hormones, they're incredibly good at confusing your body and causing you to do all kinds of things at the wrong time. The easiest example to think of really is insulin, right? If you are that's a more it's it's hormonally regulated. And if you have an irregularity with insulin, you've got a lot of problems. And it's not just obesity or d or or um um appetite. It's all kinds of things. your blood pressure, your just systems start going out of whack all over. Everybody remember the word homeostasis from biology in like 10th grade? That's what hormones regulate. So when they go off, your homeostasis gets weird and you can start winding up with diseases that are unusual at earlier and earlier ages. You find bigger and bigger pockets of these diseases in places where, you know, nobody had this disease before. Is it that we're just getting old because, you know, we have an older society? No, it's not. And that's where the epidemiologists are weighing in.
There are also periods of greater vulnerability and lesser vulnerability and unfortunately most of it lands on the very young and here are some examples. So developmentally sensitive window of um being a fetus, right? Um fetal development. So the body isn't established yet. It's building itself.
It's making itself and the cells are differentiating and the tissues are forming and you've got stem cells that literally don't know what they're going to be yet. and they get told by hormones, you are going to be this over here, you're going to turn into that over there, you're going to be a neuron, you're going to be a fat cell, you're going to be all kinds of things. So, when you start disregulating hormones for a fetus, it starts laying down pathways that are absolutely permanent in the body, including neurode development. So, think about um rates of autism and ADHD uh and metabolism. So, think about rates of obesity, not only in children, but adults. So what happens in the womb doesn't stay in the womb.
And the other thing that happens is the kid's not functional yet. In so far as they even have laid down their their system, they can't repair it yet. They don't have DNA repair mechanisms. No competent immune system. They don't have enzymes that remove toxicants. Their liver metabolism isn't set. The bloodb brain barrier is still totally porous.
So you have a really vulnerable person to be. And if there's an exposure to mom who's not particularly protected by law, that's going to hit the kid. Um, and it happens both directly and indirectly.
And here's one of the examples that I've been reading and hearing about and I have the privilege of being able to actually call up a lot of the people that are doing the research and be like, I didn't get that. Can you can you explain that cuz my daughter wants to know I'm I'm asking you for a friend.
Right? So this is something that some of the PNAP members have been looking at of okay well we know that um microplastics have been found in the placenta. Well what happens in the placenta where there are microplastics or where you have these chemicals. Uh and what happens is these little these little guys here they're the trees that connect the baby to the mom's circulation. So this is the placenta and it's it's sending everything from mom into the into the baby, but it's doing it through the they're called placental villi and that's think about like in your gut like how your gut absorbs nutrients fairly similar for a baby or for for a fetus.
So what will happen with an exposure to say beast fennel or phthalates um which are both in plastic very prominent in plastic is these little guys don't grow very well. They're shriveled. they don't connect and what happens then is a whole lot of things but the one that's easiest to think about is pre-term birth you wind up what they call it a deranged placenta cannot hold the pregnancy that could be a miscarriage or it could just be an early baby uh one physician who I worked with Leo Trasant did the math and calculated that in 2018 there were 56,595 preterm births in the US attributable just to phalates but phalates are a plasticizer That's literally when they say plasticizers, they're talking about phthalates. The lights are what make your um shower curtain soft. It's what makes a rubber ducky soft. Uh so PVC plastic, that's that hard stuff that we use for pipes, which is also not a good idea, but if you want to make it soft and make it something else, add phthalates, but don't add them to your pregnant mom's diet. Um another thing that can happen here is low birth weight. Of course, they're related. Um, you also, by the way, get a lot of preeclampsia, a skyrocketing rate of preeclampsia, um, with this, but low birthw weightight babies. I wanted to make a slide to illustrate this, and I could not stand the images that I got from Google. They were cruel to just even look at. Um, but less than 5 lb and 8 o is a low birthweight baby. And those kids have a lot of problems. Um, but here's an interesting piece where one exposure connects to another thing and another thing, which is low birthw weightight babies, they're born really small. They very frequently catch up real fast and then they keep on going and you find increasing rates of adults who are obese, who have high blood pressure, who have insulin and diabetes problems, who were low birthw weightight kids. We call this the thrifty gene. Um you could say it's a hypothesis, but that's what it is. The uh the fetus is not receiving enough nutrient from mom because those micro those villi are all shriveled up. So the fetus gets really good at turning all of that it can into fat into storage and using every single thing. The place that we see this in history was the Dutch hunger winter from 1944 to 45 when um Holland was blockaded and they ran out of food. They couldn't get anything in because they were blockaded by Germany. So there was famine. And the babies, the children who were born in 1945 when they were followed through as as adults, they had a hugely increased risk of diabetes and heart disease and also obesity. So we're seeing that in kids now in the obesity rate now that that's a prenatal exposure that plays out and you know you don't see it. We call it a hitand-run exposure. It happens. And then much later on, you see what what the sick coil eye was. Here's some easy graphs here. Global plastic production tripled since 1990. But these are also the top one is low birth rate. Sorry, low birth weight rate up on the same curve and estimated preeacclampsia. Same curve. I started looking into this because the um obstetrics and gynecologists really it's the obstet obstitricians in PNAP were saying hey I see a normal patient population I started my practice 25 years ago and now most of my patients have uh gestational diabetes like and the rates of preeacclampsia are super high. Why do women in their 20s and 30s have so much trouble not only getting pregnant but carrying fetus to term now?
So the doctors are looking at this um and you know as are the the researchers who are looking we call them now the particle researchers where are the particles um Garcia at all is a lab that I I work I know the investigators they're in peace now um and uh the number of placentas that they've looked at and found micro nanoplastics is getting to be just one garcia at all 62 out of 62 so this can explain a lot of things about what we're starting to see clinically. So, here's my cat. Okay, I'm going to take a take a breath.
This is Ronin. He's really nice. He smells good. Um, okay.
>> Babies.
This will get better. I promise. Really, just get the babies. Early life. We're going to stick with obesity because it's actually a little bit less upsetting in some ways than reproductive health and certainly autism, ADHD, obesity. Okay.
So, now you get a person or an animal, lab animal that is born. And we're going to call this, what do you what do we call this? We call this the uh the postnatal period. Uh there's a lot of things that you call it. It's a neonatal period. This is a mouse study that actually was done in 2005 and replicated over and over again. Um, these two mice, they're born, they're happy little lab mice. And the the one that's really big is exposed from days 1 through five to doses of dial sylvesterol, which was a drug. It's an estrogen mimic drug that was given to women between 1940 and 1970 to try to prevent miscarriage on the idea that like, oh, it's an estrogen. It fixed everything. But it's a synthetic estrogen. It blocks those estrogen receptors. Things go haywire. And we know in women that it caused incredible cancers and infertility. It also had impacts in the boys. That's a whole other story. But it gets used in these kinds of studies to find out like how is this working, right? Tiny tiny dose given to healthy mouse babies for 5 days. And then they let them grow up and they give them the same food and the same exercise as the other mice. And this is those mice at 6 months. Massive obesity on the mice that had that exposure. after birth, but during a really, really sensitive period of development. Um, well, it turns out this is happening all over, not on purpose.
That was a lab example. We think, okay, maybe that's what's happening to us, right? Yeah, probably. This is where the research is going. So, this was a a paper in 2011 that looked around the animal kingdom to say, are we the only ones getting fat around here? Like, are we the only ones who are having trouble with this? So, they looked at um a whole series of man mamalian species. I think they looked at 12 different mammals and uh the uh as you go up and out on the on the chart, you get into further and further obesity. So this zero is going to be non-obese and uh of course down here is they're they're thinner, right?
So okay, turns out cats are fat.
These are these are exposure these are animal populations that were tracked between 1950 6070 and 2010. Right? So, they have found an increase in obesity in cats. Um, this is Oh god, what kind of a monkey was that? Shoot. I knew it when I made the slide. It's a chimpanzeee. Uh, that's a Reese's Macak.
So, that's this little green guy. Uh, oh wait, uh, that's a different one. Shoot.
I don't know my monkeys, right? But upshot is the primates and the house pets are feeling it. Now, all of these were were studies where the animal diet had not changed. The only thing that had changed was the environmental exposure, carefully measured animal diet, just a different general environmental spo exposure. Um, in terms of the pets, in 2007, um, this was a a report from a pet insurance company reporting a 19% increase in claims related to pet obesity. So, okay, it's not just us.
That's really interesting. Well, those were lab animals. What about the wild ones? Turns out if you zoom in on that same graph, the wild rats just living near humans, they're gaining weight too.
Everybody's gaining weight. So that is another indicator that this is an environmental factor. But in humans, we've seen a lot more and we can start looking at the mechanisms and not just say, okay, this is a correlation.
We know this part is a correlation.
Chemical production since the 1940s has gone way way up. And where chemical production goes, plastic goes. curve are they're the same curve because plastics are a chemical product and in a lot of respects they're actually driving the market but along with that curve up goes diabetes and obesity. Um now the guy that that created this curve was somebody who was at endocrine summer camp with me. So I got to ask a lot of questions which is why I'm subjecting you to this because it's new to me and I'm excited about it but it's really interesting. We know that during the same period we have this increase in obesity. And the kind of obesity that we're worried about here is like visceral fat. It's just atapose. It's not body, you know, muscle or anything.
It's atapose carried in a couple of particular places. So, okay, we're seeing those go up. Well, how is this happening? So, Rob Saris is the investigator got up and he explained. I was like, oh my god, mind blown. I will not linger on this. I didn't know any of this. If you know what makes insulin, boys and girls, do you know what part of your body makes insulin?
>> Pancreas.
>> Pancreas. There you go. And what cell inside the pancreas makes insulin?
>> Pancreatic beta cells right here on the slide. Right. Uh, I just nodded and I was like, "Oh, I know all about beta cells." Yeah, I recognize them on the subway anytime. Right. Rob's been doing a lot of research and also pulling back at research since the 1940s demonstrating that the plastic associated chemicals that are in us and all around us basically they nail pancreatic B cells uh as they enter the cell as they enter the pancreas they do all kinds of things but effectively they create cell death and if those pancreatic B cells are not functioning well or they're not functioning at all because they're dead you have less insulin when you have impaired insulin you have impaired glucose. So if I give a mouse that doesn't have pancreatic B cells a bunch of candy, that mouse will have like really really high sugar for a long time and it'll effectively start showing the phenotype the evidence of having um type 2 diabetes which is 95% of diabetes and it's the one that's on the rise. So not having pancreatic B cells leads to type 2 diabetes. super oversimplification, but that's effectively what's happening.
And there the thing that is different that we know now from petri dishes and animal models and there also some of the human studies is that these are the same chemicals. Um uh I found this the other day. I thought, wow, that's interesting.
This is a graph of where the research is. Basically, every part of the body that we look at, we're finding endocrine chemicals having an impact. The biggest one though is the reproductive effects.
Partially because that's where people think to look. Like if I if I walk up to anybody on the street and I say, you know, I'm just like, Ron, what's a hormone? Tell me what a hormone is. What kind of hormone might come to mind?
>> Testosterone, right? We think about the fun ones first. Androgen, testosterone, estrogen. We don't think about thyroid.
We don't think about insulin until like a scientist comes and starts yapping at you, right? Most of the time. But so that's where people knew to start looking and we have a lot of data. I'm going to skip over the next couple slides because they replicate Shauna's movie. Uh and you just you should just hear it from her, right? But it gets into what we know about what happens to the reproductive system, the alias in particular, uh sperm rates going down, chemical rates going up. Okay, so these are some of the mechanisms that we know about from this year. Oh, okay. Comic relief. There's the cat again. We gave him a really stupid haircut last year.
We need that one more time now that we all know how much peril we're in. So, five seconds of Ronin looking pretty silly. Um, all right.
Come on, Ronan. Get off the stage. Um, it is worth sharing a couple of things about the particle side of the ledger because that's been fascinating recent.
Fascinating recently. Also, again, heat and humidity, right? This is the Campen lab. So Matt Campin um is in New Mexico and he actually started as a respiratory toxicologist. So if anybody knows that like breathing in nanoplastics are going to cause a problem, it's him. And he's the first guy who will say that's not the problem. That's not the delivery mechanism to worry about. Um but he is the one who started being able to detect and image the smallest of plastics first out of the gate. And the study that broke the internet was the one where his lab looked at brains and found plastic in brains. So you probably heard about that study. It came out a couple years ago. Uh it was really cattily titled bioaccumulation of microplastic and deedent brains. So they took brains from corpses. And while they did this, they also took liver and kidney. Part of the reason they took those organs is liver and kidney are filtration organs. So they thought those are the organs where we're going to find the body trying to protect itself. But what the heck? let's look at the brain too. And what they found blew everybody's minds because the brain had way more plastic than the other organs. Um and in fact they had two different tanches. They had people who had died in 2016, people who died in 2024 and it was going up over time in all the organs. They found an increase in the quantity of microplastic 50% increase in just those years. Um and they found a lot of different plastics.
These are all the resins. The biggest one that they found are these orange bars and that's polyethylene which is the most common of the plastic that we use. We polyethylene terrathalate that's most of our disposable stuff is polyethylene. So okay that's suggestive.
An article came out in January of this year singling out this study and a few others and saying they're wrong. This is a this is they quoted a DAO chemist DAO plastics who said that was a joke. That study was a joke. This is a bombshell.
Plastic research is is completely corrupted. You shouldn't believe anything because this is one obvious confounder, says this guy. Now, a confounder is one thing that stands in for another and confuses the heck out of you. He said, look, the method that they used, it's pretty cool. What they do, they took the tissue of of the various organs and they dissolved it in a solution. So, they dissolved what they call the bio matrix. any actual flesh dissolved leaving behind what you would call the mineral or they call it a pellet right and that's going to be all kinds of things going to be mostly plastic it turned out but metals salts that sort of thing and then they um they it's called pyrolysis GCMS so the pyrolysis is they subject it to super high heat basically burning it and then they analyze the smoke to find out what the molecular footprint is or fingerprint right so what's in the smoke you can shine light through it And different kinds of elements give you different kinds of smoke. And so that's how they knew what all these resins were because they then matched them against the library. But polyethylene and lipids, fats, they can look alike under pyrolysis GCMS.
So this article said, hey, you know, they missed an obvious confounder and everything they found is just dumb.
Well, they didn't actually even read the whole article, right? The article was like, "Hey, look, this is a confounder and we controlled for it in this way and this way and this way. This is though a brand new methodology. It absolutely needs improvement. We think we're overstating the case. We really hope there's not this much plastic in the brain." Most of what they sampled happens to be the frontal cortex, the front part of the brain where we do our thinking. And they were like, "We really hope the whole brain isn't like this because that is too much plastic." Um, but the reply was, "Well, hey, why did it go up over time then?" consistently.
Why is the ratio the same if you know all of the resins went up over time? Not just polyethylene, all of them. So, and to that the critics said, "Well, the brains are fatter now." It's obvious brains are obese.
>> Seriously.
>> Okay, great. Well, all right. So this is one of Matt's slides that he points out that like um uh styrene butadine rubber that's in car tires that's going up over time. Polyropylene that's like your um uh yogurt containers and other things that that's going up over time.
Polyvinyl chloride they're all going up over time not just the one. Um but then here's another like kind of proof of it.
So this is one of the images from the brain study. They found what they call they're calling them hast stacks. They found that the nanoplastics when they they also they say we used orthogonal methods which means they used more than one detection method. They did pyrolysis GCMS and then they threw everything else they could too to make sure that they were seeing what they were seeing. And one thing they did was transmission electron microscopy or TEM. So I had to look that up today. So but it does allow for a level of imaging. And what they found was these little shards. And nobody had ever seen microplastics like this. By the way, microplastics is the wrong term. We're really in the nano scale now, but they've seen this. So, what is this? Why are they stacked up like that? Why do they look like that? That's just weird.
Um, but it's consistent. And all the the studies now are finding this. They also found that when they took those same shards, and these um this is unpublished. This is in pre-print, so it hasn't finished peer review, but it's been working on it for a year. Um they took those same shards and they subjected them to chloroform to watch them melt because if they were plastic they were going to melt. Uh you know fat wouldn't do that. Uh and then they also subjected them to 130° C heat for 24 hours because that is the temperature at which polyethylene melts. And lo and behold it melted. So okay. And the other thing is about mass concentration right is going up. We've got 50% more plastic now than we used to in our brains.
That's very disturbing. Impossible. You all have fat, obese brains. Okay, so this is unpublished, so I couldn't actually show you the graphs and the data, but they're in New Mexico, and the University of New Mexico has lots and lots of animal uh samples in jars, just like, you know, the Museum of Natural History. They especially had a lot of kangaroo rats going back to 1966, which is before plastic production really takes off. there's not a lot of plastic going on in 1966. So Eve Rland, who was a doctoral candidate and is now a professor, started looking at the kangaroo rat brains and she found exactly the same thing. Basically no plastic in 1966 and then as you get closer and closer to the modern moment, you get more and more plastic. So this should be coming out soon and I'll be able to actually show you the data, but it's pretty interesting, compelling stuff. They even went back to the original site where the kangaroo rats had been sampled, which is now like a Taco Bell or something. So, they had to like go around the outside, but like they were very very thorough. Um, and this is the other thing that's kind of I think this is the last of the findings that I'll show you today that that like kind of broke my brain. Um, Matt had a conference like I mentioned it. It's the one where No, this is another one. I spent a lot of time at conferences. Uh, this was in January. It was in New Mexico and uh all the the particle researchers were all there. So it was the particle paparazzi and the red you know the red carpet for anybody who's like a really cool particle scientist and this guy you can tell from his glasses is a really cool particle scientist right so he came out with this scintillating paper called mechanisms of quesscent nanoplastic formation in semicrystallin polymers what is he even asking here he's saying all right the critics are saying we don't know anything about nanoplastics or even where they come from or how they got here so like let's look at that so he's been taking plastics plastics in his lab and stressing them, putting them under sunlight, under heat. Uh, you know, 70% of plastics are made in this way. Let's skip that. Um, that they have like an outer, they call it the amorphous layer and then these like really hard bonds.
They're kind of crystalline. And so he stresses the plastic out and looks at the way in which it breaks down. And this is his quote. The soft part, the amorphous layers act like a kind of glue and they hold the hard semicrystallin layers together, but they naturally separate over time. And when that adhesive force weakens, the hard layers break off without any external stimulus just by themselves. They're aging, mass- prodducing nano fragments that become a threat to human health and ecosystems.
So what is he even saying here? He's saying, okay, that's how we form nanoplastics. We age normal plastics in the lab. He can do it in a day. In natural circumstances, just sitting out in the environment, no particular stressor. How long does it take? Anybody want to take a guess how long it takes like a plastic bottle to go from a bottle to a nanoplastic?
>> Two weeks.
>> Two weeks. Meline in the back.
>> I know you taught me this, >> but I never lectured on it before. This is my test crew. Okay. About 50 years, >> which is how much plastic have we had lying around for how long?
>> So this was the most important finding to come out of this conference, right? The word he used at the conference was tsunami.
And the images that he's getting of what the nano particles look like are those hay stacks. They're these shards that the Campen lab is finding. So, this is all very new research. You're going to hear a lot in the press about it's all wrong. It's partly wrong. Some of it probably is wrong. And Canada lab can't wait for a lot of it to be wrong because that'll allow us to still see and think and hear because we don't have brains full of plastic. But this is where the new research is going. And that's why we think that the levels are going up in the brain over time because it's those nano particles that can cross into the brain, not the microparticles. So the more nano you have around you, the more you can have in you. And we do also know from animal models that if you put a like a fish in a bowl and then you add a whole lot of nano particles, it gets them in its body. But then if you take the same fish and you put it in a clean bowl, they flush out. So that is good to know. It's called the lymphatic system.
It's true even in the brain. So yes, our bodies can do this. Um but not if we're living in a tsunami of nanoplastics. So here's some kittens. Now going on to solutions. And I've probably been talking way too long, but none of you have left and nobody's crying, so that's good. Um all right, kittens. Yeah. Okay.
>> Oh, the microplastics tonight. They really make me feel insignificant.
>> Um so how do we solve this? Well, here's the thing, right? It's it's not brain science. It's not rocket science.
It's not even neurology. It's none of the above are you know what I just showed you are the reasons we need to solve this, but we didn't need that science to solve this. It does help to have some pointers in your own life. And of course, right now, probably everybody's like alosatic load is really high. I'm really nervous. I want to go see my psychiatrist or use less plastic.
Use less plastic. reduce your exposure.
So ways to do that, I always think about it and PNAP thinks about it as clinicians talking to patients as where are you going to get the most bang for your buck. Where is your exposure the highest and the dumbest and the easiest to get rid of? And that's in the kitchen. That's food. Now, it's next to impossible to eat without plastic being involved in some way. And there's a group in in Perth, Australia that's been trying that. They're going paddic to plate to remove all the touch points.
And it's interesting when they finally managed to do it for seven days, all of their study pro subjects had way fewer chemicals in their bodies. But it took millions of dollars. So in your own life, the simple steps that actually you'll find from Shauna Swan's documentary, cuz she does this with her study subjects. The people who are trying to get pregnant can't explain their infertility. She goes through the houses and she does all of this the same stuff. Get the plastics out of the kitchen. It shouldn't be in the utensils. They should be wood. Do not cook on Teflon. That's called PAS.
That's a synthetic chemical. It does get into your body. It does cause harm. Even just decanting new items into glass bottles or anything that's not plastic, frankly, is a good idea. So, if you can't find it in in glass or or another thing, bring it home and just dump it out into something else. You know, like pickle jars. This doesn't have to be expensive at all. Mason jars are great.
Also, they look really classy. Um, infant care. This is harder, right? For reasons of forementioned, infants really shouldn't be around a lot of plastic.
But of course, look at what happens if you go to a baby store. Everything's plastic because it's safe. It's it's pretty. It's colorful. There are things you can do. Um, I know somebody in uh England who has gotten the NHS to start sending new mothers home with glass bottles instead of plastic bottles to send that message. Let this kid eat off of not plastics. Um, clothes, especially for babies. I didn't know when Mlin was little that like, oh, the organic onesie, like there was a reason for that. Um, oh, there was a reason for that, right? Like not putting the kid in rayon. Think about the things that you're going to be wearing or the baby is going to be wearing the longest, have the most contact with you or them, and get rid of that. And that's where textiles come in. So textiles that are in close proximity to your body, things like your sheets, sheets are actually really easy. flannel cotton, those are still easily replaced. 70% of all textiles right now are made out of polymers. They're plastic based. But there are those places where you can still make the swap and it really makes a difference. Um, if you can afford to get rid of your indoor carpet because it's probably polyester. That's a good idea. Don't don't freak out about it. Do vacuum it with a HEPA filter. Um, so get a good vacuum that has a HEPA filter and that that way you don't get as much dust. Workout clothes are really tough because of course cotton kills when you're on the trail, right? We all know that. So, I don't know how to figure that one out, but we do know that as you sweat your workout clothes are going to be leeching into you. So, um, reverse osmosis water filters, that's a tall order. Um, but it actually, it turns out a lot of the scientists say this is the first thing to do. And in fact, at at endocrine summer camp, it's really funny to see like what the scientists do at dinner. Um, and one of them sat down next to me with her little water flask and she said, "I brought my RO water filter with me to camp." Meaning her reverse osmosis water filter. I was like, "I guess you drove here." Um, but there are so many contaminants in water in so many ways that the more you can filter your water, the better off you'll be for a whole lot of reasons. But of course, it's stupid expensive. Who can afford this, right? A whole house water filter, which is great cuz if you shower, your pores open up. PAS goes right into you. That's a problem. But that is out of reach of almost everybody. Almost everybody. So these kinds of suggestions just get silly really fast. And they should be infuriating. Why should you be breaking your head trying to avoid all of this by yourself? Some of it's a market thing, but a lot of it really is about regulatory systems. In Europe, they say no data, no market. You can't bring it to market until you show the data that it's not hazardous. And I mean that would we've been trying to get that through in the US for decades. Maybe when there's a new iteration of the FDA, which could be coming soon, we'll manage that. But in general, here's the good news. This is not as heavy a lift as it looks because the population is already right there. Everybody hates microlastics. Everybody uh I mean 81% of US voters support reducing the amount of plastic that's produced. 78% support national policies reducing single-use plastic foam. 85% support increasing the use of reusable packaging and food wear.
People really support this. They do in Bosezeman. We sure know that. Um I think maybe this is where John was getting the thousands that we thought that Dan collected.
You guys got over 10,000 signatures last summer and it was hot. people still signed and then 63% of Bosezeman voters voted yes. I mean that is really irrefutable. Like the people have spoken. So we have a problematic regulatory system but we know what the people want. That's great. And then Ren, I saw this at your table on Tuesday. Do you wonder what ever happened to the bag ban? Well, yes we do. See us in court in December. Um we know that people get even more upset when it's about their health. Uh, you know, as these studies come out, people get more and more interested the more um um advertised the studies are. And the Campin study on the brain is really the one that got the most attention and the polls are showing it. Also, turns out people really like politicians who pass environmental legislation. Um, next Friday I'm going to go speak to the National Caucus of Environmental Legislators in Chicago.
And I spoke to them about six months ago and I got to ask the legislators. I showed them this and I said, you know, so what makes it difficult to pass legislation if you know your constituents want it and they'll think better of you. And they said, you know, the thing is that's just a poll. It's still really scary to do it because the lobbyist is one of the campaigns.
Oh, but this is where I got in there, right? So I worked with John for a while and that was great. It was such a learning experience and the the Cottonwood office, I love being in that office. It is so full of amazing energy.
Um, but I had my own uh spectrumy plastics energy. And so I I broke off and I created PNAP about 16 months ago.
Um, because I realized that people are listening to physicians and they're listening to scientists more than anybody else. This is really where the minds are getting made up. People ask me at my lectures like, "Why didn't my doctor tell me about any of this?" Well, they didn't know this is new research.
So, and who do doctors listen to? Other doctors. Ah, bing bing. So, PNAP was initially organizing doctors to teach other doctors about this because if we can change the opinion of medicine in general, get medicine thinking about the fact that plastic is not inert. It's a hazardous material made out of hazardous chemicals that do real harm to real patients everywhere every day. That's going to really change the is going to be a sea change. Frankly, it's my theory of change uh in the way that the public accepts or doesn't accept these products that we never asked for. And the proof has been amazing. Pan grew from like seven people to 210. Uh at endocrine science summer camp, something like 24 people signed up and they were like they were the big ones in the field. They were I was like you're Andrea Gore. I've heard about you. You're amazing.
Now she's in my club, right? And what are we doing? Well, we speak at conferences to other doctors. We also speak to rooms like this. We speak anywhere we can. But the big place to go is the conferences. Talk to the big wigs. Change their minds. Talk to grand rounds, which is the meetings that doctors have in hospitals. Tell them about it. Meet with lawmakers and wear your white coat while you're doing it.
Uh, and delivering information and recommendations. We just yesterday came out with a new fact sheet that I had outside and I see some of you have now.
So that was written and created entirely by physicians inside of PNAP using a lot of the information that I just presented and trying to make it as simple and not an hour and a half long lecture or whatever as they could. So that's my bit. Um Tomas said, you know, let's pass the hat for PNE. And I I love that because frankly most of the foundations right now have gone to ground. um they are they are self-censoring. They don't want to touch anything that does proc.
They're waiting for the political climate to change. So foundational and institutional funding is lacking which means that we are relying on individual philanthropy and donors, but so is Cottonwood and Cottonwood needs it. So eeny meeny miny mo split down the middle or I don't know what. Um but this is a powerful cause. We'd love to hear from you. We love your support and I certainly really appreciate your attention as I'm so sure I've gone over time. Um, but I'd love to take questions. So, thank you very much.
Uh, let's do some questions because people have a lot of impressions since we had a social >> right there. And I'm sorry I don't remember your name.
>> Marcy.
>> Um, so we've all watched obesity rates go up. Now we're watching people get slimmer with GLP1. And I'm wondering if that's a marketing ploy. I mean, people want to feel good about themselves, but in the interim it's probably even I don't know if it's a multip uh disruptors or what's going on there?
>> So, the question is about GLP1s and like how do they function? So, they've helped to suppress leptin, which is a hormone that makes you hungry. Um, and that those really fat mice, they had a really elevated level of leptin, too. So, it's hard to know were they like beating out the other mice for food or what was totally what was happening. Um, that's not known, honestly. I mean they're working on the same mechanism there of hormones and the relationship between fat cells and hormones and so on. One thing I can say because I saw him say it in the lecture. Somebody asked Matt Campin, you know, how does how does knowing all this change your life? Like change your habits. So let's change my habits, right? Like I have a metal water bottle and I try not to wear too much rayon and that sort of thing. But Matt said what I hear a lot of the investigators say because the investigators kind of keep a cool distance. He said, "Not at all."
You know, like he doesn't eat off of plastic very much anymore. And you know, like he the very basic things, but he's not running scared from his dining table. And then the next thing he said was, "Oh, by the way, I'm on a GLP1."
And I was like, "Dude, Matt, really?
Like your body mass index because I'm going to stand here and judge everyone around me. You look great. Why?" But it was a really interesting moment to to know like what the people who know best what the hormonal things are doing, how do they register risk? Are they at Defcon 5 or are they just like this is new information and you know I'm going to accept certain amounts of risk for my lifestyle and so on and so on. So it's a really interesting question but I can't really fill out much more of an answer >> just because I think GP ones were originally put on the market for a different purpose and then it just happened to be food suppressant.
>> Yeah.
>> Appetite suppressant.
>> Yeah. Um Yeah. So, if you couldn't hear that, so GLP ones came out for some other reason. I actually don't know the backstory at all.
>> Diabetes. Okay. So, now we're already though in hormone land, right? Um and that's that's called an off label use when you have a drug that you give for one reason and it turns out it does this other thing and everyone's like, "Hey, let's rebrand it." Yeah. Uh and but it also sparked a whole bunch of research into weight loss drugs. And so, you know, there's a whole lot of them now on doing the same function. Um, and that's how it's that's how it happens. So, next question. Um, oh gosh, everybody. Okay.
Um, I'm going to call on yoga guy because I saw you taking careful notes.
>> Oh, the uh that's great. Um, I wanted to switch gears to hastack since that's the most recent work there. That resolution's at 200 nanometers within the TEM imaging. And I'm wondering like uh what what assays are available to actually characterize the the levels of physical injury from the hastacks and those cells and like is there a need for better assay development, better controls that compare like basically have a true physical inert substance that can then verify some of these gradients of describing physical um effects at that resolution at 200 nmters within the hastacks. It's so new like what kind of assay elements are you seeing in the Bitcoin community talking about physical science.
>> So the answer is yes literally you just posed the questions that are coming up in the room. Um so there are lots of new assay developments underway in the campen lab and in a lot of other labs. Uh, one of the problems that they're having now is that because the that one Guardian article pooped all over microplastic science, um, a lot of the journals now are not accepting research that uses those assays, the original assays, and it's actually hampering people because they can't publish their results and then other scientists can't see the results and improve on them and it's it's created it its own sort of, you know, toxic zone.
Um, but so anyway, even even if I even if I were up on the literature, I probably couldn't repeat exactly what the assays were. Um, but I know where to look in the literature. And the answer is basically they're racing to find new ones. We don't know anything about what those physical properties of those nanoplastic shards do. And and that's a legitimate criticism. We don't know. We don't know if if they're in some way causing mechanical damage or is it all chemical damage. We have no idea, honestly.
And is it safe to at least go back to probably some older methodology of just cell respiration and health? Like I think that there's a really cool um assay that was developed for uh cancer like off like basically individual cancer cells that were going offshoot like at Arizona State they have this really cool single cell assay uh and they put the cell in the arena and they can essentially read pH and oxygen and all the different things on a single cell to characterize the fate of the cancer cell. I was wondering if we could use that kind of assay for this kind of >> That is really cool. And you're uh you're above my pay grade now.
>> Yeah. Um you know, honestly, like in my day job, I I get questions like that a lot. This is my day job. Uh and then I connect that person with the investigator. So, if you're serious and this is your like >> work I'll text him right now.
>> I'll uh >> let's talk afterward and I'll do a letter of introduction to some investigators who can help answer that.
>> Yeah. Great.
>> Yeah. All right, lots of questions here.
I'm seeing the same three hands. So, in the back first and then here and then in the back again.
>> Has there been any research about the nanoplastics and the increased rate of autism and Alzheimer's?
>> Okay. So, has there been research on nanoplastics and and autism and Alzheimer's? Yes. And yes, and yes. Um but barely any. Uh the autism research is the furthest one out there, but it's not about the nanoplastics. And that's the thing like I joke around about like people come to the lecture for the microplastics and they stay for the endocrine disruption. Like we know that endocrine disrupting chemicals can lead they open pathways to ADHD and autism.
And there's a pretty a big and growing literature. ADHD and autism are both we'd call them a phenotype. It's kind of like you have a stomach ache. Why do you have a stomach ache? There's so many different ways that you can get to a stomach ache that have, you know, like I ate a daffodil, now my stomach hurts versus I have a, you know, an ulcer. Um, so we don't one of the pathways to autism and ADHD is absolutely bisphenols and phthalates in prenatal exposure and that's mediated meaning, you know, it's a another thing that comes in by uh the sex of the fetus. So males have a much harder time and there are reasons for that and that's another lecture. Um but yeah, with um Alzheimer's, the Campen lab found that their subjects who had Alzheimer's and dementia had far more microplastic in their brains, but they absolutely don't know which side the horse is on and which side the cart is on because the blood brain barrier is more permeable with those disorders. And so more plastic can get over it. So, they found more plastic, but they're thinking, well, did it cause it or is it there because those cells were in distress? Um, and I thought about creating some slides of this year's research. Um, and I decided I was in over my head.
So, we don't know. We don't know. We know it's correlated, but we don't know where the causal side is. Yeah. Okay. In front.
>> So, I thought I heard a news report uh recently that water filters actually plastic to the water. Is that true?
>> Okay. Water filters can add the plastic to the water. Sometimes if your if your water filter is made out of plastic, then yes. And in fact, one of the main things they find in water is nylon, micro and nanoplastics. The filters are nylon. Um, so oops. you know, you're like, you know, you're you're I can't I'm thinking of a joke where, you know, you're you're embedded in the same thing over and over and over again and you can't get out of it. Um, that's why the reverse osmosis ones are the state-of-the-art. Um, because they are the ones that are less plastic and that filter on a molecular level that is too small. Now, sooner or later, nothing is too small for a nano particle, right?
And like that's part of the discomfort in this field. But as far as we can get it, reverse osmosis filters are the are the way to go.
In the back, >> um, so you you did touch on this, but I just want to clarify. I think of all the foods you bring home from the grocery store, most of them are in plastic.
Something I eat a ton of every week, I have cottage cheese and yogurt, and they come in plastic. Am I helping myself by coming home and dumping them into plastic uh to glass or is that doing nothing?
>> You know, I asked the people in the Perth study that just last week and they said dump it into the glass. They said decant it. We don't really have data that demonstrates what extent. But like literally on this planet, those are the people who know that answer closest and they said to K. So, you know, it's it's early days yet. next year maybe you'll come back and be like, "No, stop decanting."
But from what we know right now, and that's science, right? It's selfcorrecting. What you know today may not be what you know tomorrow. And that that kind of ambiguity is hard to live with for good reason. But unfortunately, that's just how it is. Um, okay. I saw two more hands. I saw your hand and then in the light blue second after that.
>> Okay. Question on the transfer rate of microplastics and how they get out of plastic related to temperature. I couldn't find on that doing AI searches and figuring out has your group done any of that.
>> Yeah.
>> In other words, when you take that cool thing that's in a refrigerator or it's in a naturally those the molecular breakdown isn't nearly as significant when it's cold when it becomes warm or you put it on the stove or you put it in an oven. Now this thing goes really free. Do you guys have any studies?
>> Yeah. Yeah. So um the place you find the most research on that is a group called the food packaging forum which is led by um another friend of mine from microplastic summer camp Jane M u n c ke uh she's a there's a a very large European team that's done a lot of work some of it is where they will um they'll microwave water in plastic and then they'll measure you know they measure the the number of micro and nanoplastics that that are measurable that come out.
So, we know from those studies that as you microwave an item, you get more nanoplastics and more microplastics. All plastic is constantly shedding. It's just like skin. So, it's constantly breaking down, but it breaks down faster in the microwave, presumably on the stove also. Um, and then there are exposure studies also that look at the the chemicals, the leeates basically, coming out and into the food. The food packaging forum is also looking at that.
Um, so I mean if you want specific citations, see me after class I can get them for you. Um, but yeah, and if you if you look up like microwave and nanoplastic or microplastic as your search terms, you'll start hitting that literature.
Yeah. Uh, in the light in the blue and then red.
>> I was just going to say leave a layer of yogurt.
So use a metal spoon. Don't just But you know just leave behind like touching the class.
>> Well then from the inside behind >> yeah we can we can and will drive ourselves mad >> and that's kind of why this Perth study is like amazing because they can and did drive themselves mad for years. Uh, and when they came down to it, like minimizing the touch points, like they thought about the spoon, right? Like what are the what are the contaminants?
What what could be touching here? You you get literally surgical when you think about like what could come into my sterile field.
>> So you brought that up, >> but the investigators who think about it all the time are are actually kind of chill. I think it's like when you first jump into the water, it's the scariest.
And then as you start to sort of realize like these are still pretty small levels that we're dealing with. So, you know, a spoonful of yogurt isn't gonna break the bank.
Ren, go ahead.
>> Well, just continuing with the yogurt.
There's one brand Mountain Health or I'm It's They sell it at the Co-op and it comes in a glass jar and then just like it bugs me about Kind bars like I stopped buying things. There's a chocolate bar called cube and it comes in a um paper wrapper and a compostable inner wrapper and and so we can write to companies that's another thing is say I've stopped buying your product and I started buying you because they use compostable and more companies will get the message I feel like and then about you know continuing down that line of companies getting the message like the businesses see how many in town locally see How many people voted for SA ban? We even if we win this court case in December, it'll probably be appealed by the lobbies be held up in the courts and everybody gets frustrated. But there is something we can do is we can get more businesses in town to join our reusable revolution. So if you'd like a flyer to give to a manager, we've got Treeline Coffee and Town of Country Foods, our main BYO bag and BYO mug. We've got boomerang bags all over town. If anybody wants to donate fabric, reus expo reusable bags they have around. We can create change without the government.
The government we do need. So I'm so thankful to all you guys and all the work, but we can work on all angles. So please ask a store or a coffee shop to join and we'll get this to grow and be really big.
>> Yeah, it's both hand. It's it's all of these pressure points. They build. So, when you're frustrated in one area, just go over here for a while.
>> I I have a question, too, though. If there's any research, because what got me into this is that I was diagnosed with uh endometriosis. As a teenager, I was told it was from the toxins that and now endometriosis is an epidemic. It's having epidemic proportions in teenage girls. And then when my son was a teenager, he developed breast buds and he was very very concerned about that because he didn't want to have large breasts and um they went they did go away but the doctor so I just wonder if there's any research on all the sexual dysphoria we're seeing um the the sex change operation kids are having. Um >> is there any research on that?
>> That's a great it's a good question.
It's a big question. The only investigator who will talk about it publicly is Sean Swan. So see the movie.
Uh and she does get in there. Fail. So we know family exposures prenatally mess boys and girls up in a myriad of ways.
And I skipped the slides but we we know that like puberty comes earlier. Now um it's every decade puberty for girls has been one month earlier. Um so the onset of menarch is earlier. endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, all of those are the exposure linked. Um, so there is plenty. The question about gender identity is a lot harder and is basically unanswerable because identity cannot be measured in a lab. So the the lab animals that are used most for this kind of research tend to be frogs. And we do see that if you expose frogs to to hormone disruptors, they change gender or rather they change sex. So, a male frog by sex will have ovaries in its testes, or rather will have eggs in its testes. And the guy that that did a lot of this work, um I just forgot his name, but it'll come back anyway. Um so, we know that. But you still can't ask a frog how it feels about its masculinity, right? Like there's absolutely no way to know. And the reason that researchers, doctors, anybody with a public stake in their career can't really opine on this because somebody will be offended by their answer for a very good reason, right? So if you if you medicalize transgender and say you're you feel trans now because that chemical broke you, that's going to be offensive. And if you say, well, you know, it's all in your head and there's no biological basis whatsoever, that's going to be problematic. So, you know, everybody's kind of bent over trying to thread the needle there and not say the wrong thing that will harm people who have already historically been so harmed and are so vulnerable now. So >> one thing I want to add too is that um what I was told is that the the exposure of the mother I had I was exposed obviously that caused me to get endometriosis but that you know the kids didn't even have to be exposed the mother passes it on through her exposure.
>> Yeah. So it is ep they call that epigenetic where it changed the expression of the DNA in the mother and it's especially you see it a lot in girls because every girl child is born with all the eggs she will ever have. So if you expose pregnant mom and pregnant mom is pregnant with a daughter. You've exposed mom, you've exposed daughter and you've exposed all the daughters of the daughter. So you just nailed three generations in one hit. And that is that's a a series of slides I also decided not to get into. But uh that's how that works. Um yeah, and that's part of why scientists are so concerned about this stuff.
>> Yeah. Question the green.
>> When recycle plastics, do these do they have a way to safely convert these terrible things into a safe product or you know denature all what's going on? It's terrible. If we stop right now and we get all the inventory of all the bad plastics that we have, is there a way chemically to change those properties that wouldffect nature ourselves?
>> Um, it's a great question, right? So, when we recycle plastics, what happens?
And it's really two questions here. What happens and is there a way for that to not happen? The answer, when you recycle plastics, you compound the problem because you have everything you started with and now you have it all melted and then you need more additives in order to get back to a new product. But you also have contaminants. So when um when investigators investigate like, well, what's in the recycled plastic? They find a lot of pesticide. They find a lot of um um pharmaceuticals because those plastics are used to hold pesticides and pharmaceuticals. So that's a problem.
So, like, don't eat off of recycled plastic like at all. Don't you know the recycled plastic baby toys? Yeah. No.
Is there a way for that to not happen?
Super controversial answer. Um, the only way to chemically strip a plastic is um through pyrolysis. Now, that word keeps come coming up. Pyrolysis, pyro, heating, superheating, fire. industry likes to call this chemical recycling where they superheat the plastic and they can basically strip out a lot of the additive molecules if not all of them and then regroup some of the molecules and create a pure plastic. It is possible to do it, but the pure plastic that you get out is something like 2 to 5% of what you put in and the rest that you get out is basically toxic sludge. Um, which is then used to burn to fuel the whole process. So, industry will say like, look, we're turning plastic back at bottle to bottle. Chem, you know, chemical recycling is the best thing ever. We just got rid of all this plastic. And what you just did was you burned a giant mountain of plastic in order to make this tiny little bit right here. And you created an incredible amount of pollution in the process. So I have like negative answers to every single question anybody can ask, but I have a really cute cat. So Tomas, >> I'd like to introduce a gentleman here from I butcher your name too. Yeah. Okay.
>> You know about recycling in Europe. You grew up in in Switzerland and Germany.
>> Yeah. And my problem is less I know last fact. I'm not a scientist. I'm a cook and I'm a scuba diver and I like nature.
The question is how can we eliminate the production of plastic? And I have a few ideas. For example, the city of tubing didn't forbid the plastic, but they taxed every little bowl, plastic bowl or cardboard ball, if it's one way, they tax it 50 cents. And then every cup, coffee cup to go 50 cents. Every spoon, every straw 25 cents.
>> That's echom modulated pricing. So they got taken to that was in 2022. They got instantly taken to court by McDonald's and they called it a tax. So they fought all the way to the constitutional court and won. And by then already a second town coins start doing the same thing.
And a half a year later, Fryorg and Price start doing the same thing. And currently 150 cities and some are very large cities doing the same thing. In the first year, Cubing collected $1 million under taxes.
The next year, it went down to 700,000.
It keeps going down. And the reason is people start bringing their own dishes to buy food.
>> They are they got away from one way and I think with the tsunami coming it's kind of it is very important to do the science but the action of the lawyer is I think what we need to stop it.
>> Yeah. And I'm much more interested on solutions than I mean you made me depressed right >> anti-depressant but for example Switzerland they don't hand plastic bag out in grocery store they charge 60 cents for the flimsy plastic bag so people start bringing their own bags and this bag is made in a home handicapped people.
>> My sister was the occupational therapist who came up with that. They make very solid heavy bags and sell them for 55 bucks and rather I had to buy it and I bought several but you can load them up.
You can carry 50 60 pound in the back >> and you finance the handicap kids, >> right?
>> You you occupy and you finance. They are pretty much they have a wood shop, they have a textile shop, they have art shop, printing shops and I think we need to get more creative how to change it. And I think two women's approach is super.
>> Yeah. I mean all solutions are on the table. It's not going to just be one thing. We need to be coming in from all sides. So the legal side is really important. The regulatory side is important. the medical side is important. The market is important. Like all of the places that one sees fit to place emphasis are going to be useful.
Um yeah, >> there is going to be a huge market opening when we win this lawsuit in December because overnight you're not going to be able to get a plastic grocery bag anymore. And so if you know someone who's making bags, I would highly encourage you to reach out to the grocery store a month before and say, "Hey, we'd like to start selling our bags for when this goes into effect next month." And just to be ready because people are going to say, "Okay, what do I do? Where am I going to go? There's no tax allowed. We're not We're just not giving out bags anymore." So we're going to have to figure it out pretty quick.
I want to add one cool thing and that is that there is a reusable revolution act happening. There's a reuse act in Congress right now. Um I don't know how far to go. States are passing um extended producer responsibility laws like they have in Europe and Grand Canyon National Park in 2027 will be all reusables.
And there's groups to create the infrastructure to make reusables as easy as our trash infrastructure was set up.
So 2028 Olympics in LA will also be all reusables. So like we, you know, we're ahead of the curve here, but it's happening. So we just got to keep working on it. I wanted something positive.
>> It is there is so much good stuff happening. Like we should put a positive speaker after me, but then we then it would be a symposium, right? So, I cannot help but notice that my own family already left, which is never a good sign. I know Terry had one more thing to say, so let's close it out with Terry and then I think there's still some cookies in the back. I'll stay and answer questions. Um, but Terry, what >> So, I had a a positive response >> to um Rose Hours. I went to Chris Herbert, the manager of Rose Hours, shortly after the election and um well, it was sometimes suit. Um, and he said, "Okay, now what I what do I need to do because this is coming on board." But what I had talked to him about previously is I asked him to do some research on how much it costs a grocery store to provide plastic bags and or to provide um paper bags. And of course, paper bags are like three times as expensive um as almost 14 cents to 25 cents for one. But I said, "Well, how much would you save if you didn't have to buy plastic bags?" And so I and how many did you actually give out in the course of a year? And he went back to figure that out. And of course, Megan has the statistics, too. U 1.5 million bags in one year in the Boseman rose out. So, oh yeah, maybe they're only two to five cent. Well, two to three cents a piece. Um, that's still a savings. And you compound that with all the other grocery stores. That was one grocery store one year and that's 1.5 million bags in those market. So, it is a boon to the grocery stores to save money if people brought their own. So, there's the >> There you go. Thank you, Terry.
>> Take it home, John. I just got to say thank you to Oak Lutheran Church.
They've been amazing partners and uh supporters for a really long time. You guys do great things for our community.
And thank you to for helping us put this together. Uh this has been an amazing night. Thank you.
>> Thank you.
So next week the party for uh Crackwood is going to be where and when?
>> July. Well, okay. Okay, the highway clean up. Highway clean up next Wednesday 9:00 a.m. As you're headed towards Big Sky, you go across the Y River on the bridge there. It's right the first turn off on the left. Next Wednesday 9:00 a.m. Um party July 30th. So, do people know where the Bridger Bridger View subdivision is? Is the affordable housing uh right there? There's a community house in that neighborhood at the end of the road. Party there.
Uh, excellent question.
>> It was five.
>> It was five.
>> 5 to 9.
>> 5 to 9. We'll get there.
>> We'll get Come grab a drink. We'll have burgers, maybe some music. Yeah.
Conversation.
>> Parking there.
>> There's There's literally a park right there. Still Park is right there. You can park right there in the park.
>> Yeah. Or bike. Yeah. And it's got several articles out here to take a look at like if you're interested, you can talk to John about that. Talk to your crew about picking out one of those for more than likely support.
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