Sensors | Arduino | Basics

[00:00:02]Right. Today, we will discuss about grade nine uh unit number four, use of microcontroller. But, we we will not discuss all the things in uh that particular unit.

[00:00:16]We will discuss only two major things.

[00:00:19]First, uh we need to take some uh time for discussing about sensors.

[00:00:26]And thereafter, we will be discussing about the Arduino board. Some basics about Arduino board, uh what the board is. Uh components of Arduino board, types of Arduino board, and finally, we we have to take some programs or some ins- we need to write some instruction to Arduino board to do some uh functions, right? So, let's take the sensors first.

[00:01:05]Right. First of all, sensor is a hardware which can take uh some data about the environment, such as temperature, right? Uh light intensity, pressure, and some other things, and inputs them to the computer, right? So, they are four sensors are for inputting the data to the computer. They, of course, they sense the data from the environment and putting them into some devices.

[00:01:36]Then, there are many sensors used for sensing the data.

[00:01:41]I have listed it uh listed few of them.

[00:01:44]Temperature sensor, uh uh light sensor LDR, ultrasonic sensor, passive infrared sensor, humidity sensor, pressure sensor. There are so many other sensors available.

[00:01:58]But we take only few sensors for grade nine syllabus. Right. So, temperature sensor, as as the name implies, it measures the temperature, I mean thermal state, right? Temperature. And it can converts them into electrical signal and inputs them to some devices, right? So, this is temperature sensor.

[00:02:20]It's too easy because the name itself has the meaning.

[00:02:24]Right? Light dependent resistor. It's a kind of resistor.

[00:02:29]But you know, it's a sensor, LDR. It is for measuring or inputting the intensity of the light, right? So, it is for measuring and input the intensity of the light.

[00:02:43]This is LDR.

[00:02:44]Sometimes called light sensor.

[00:02:48]Then humidity sensor, as the name implies again, it is for sensing the moisture, the humidity level in there, right? So, this is how it looks like. Humidity sensor.

[00:03:01]Then pressure sensor, it is for sensing the pressure.

[00:03:05]Right? Measuring or sensing the pressure.

[00:03:09]Right.

[00:03:10]We discussed about PIR earlier, I think.

[00:03:13]So, let me explain briefly. PIR sensor is a kind of motion sensor.

[00:03:18]It detects that IR heat coming out from any living beings and inputs that particular data to the computer or any board, so that the board can understand that there's a motion very close to the object, right? So, it is a kind of motion sensor. Every living being, like a human or other animals, they generate some sort of heat, that is IR heat. So, that is uh by PIR sensor and it informs to the device about the motion and thereafter the motion that particular device will be functioning, right? So, this is PIR sensor mostly used in uh automatic lighting appliances, automatic during door opening system, even in some security system, it is specially used.

[00:04:14]Uh this is the shape of the PIR sensor.

[00:04:18]Right?

[00:04:19]I think we discussed in the past, too.

[00:04:22]Right. Then, ultrasonic sensor.

[00:04:24]Actually, ultrasonic sensor is used for measuring the distance from an obstacle or from an object and the ultrasonic sensor. Look at them. This is This is the ultrasonic sensor. There are two major parts. One is the transmitter and the other one is the receiver. So, while this uh for example, assume that uh this ultrasonic sensor is fixed in a device like a robotic equipment or something. So, while that robotic is moving, this ultrasonic sensor keeps sending the uh ultrasonic waves uh from transmitter. So, when they reach a barrier like a wall or some other objects, they all they often or they immediately bounce back. And when they bounce back or when they return, the receiver will receive that. So, they first transmit this ultrasonic uh signal and then they receive. So, depending on the on the sending time and the receiving time, they can easily measure the distance from the ultrasonic sensor and the object. So, it is all always uh similar to the way that the bat finds its route, right? You know, bat uh finds the road not by looking at the eyes.

[00:05:50]It It keeps sending the ultrasonic waves and finds the road. So, almost similar idea is used in ultrasonic sensors.

[00:06:00]Right, so later we will do some programs in ultrasonic sensor. Okay?

[00:06:05]Maybe these are the sensors which I wanted to explain. These are enough.

[00:06:09]Right, then let's come to the developing board. Here we take Arduino.

[00:06:15]So, as we discussed earlier, Arduino is a single chip computer, SCC, right? Single chip computer where uh many parts like CPU, memory, right?

[00:06:28]Pins for connecting peripheral devices all are integrated in one single chip.

[00:06:35]So, Arduino is developed by Atmel company. Remember the name, right? Atmel company. There are many parts inside of Arduino. We will be talking about them.

[00:06:43]And Arduino board may receive the input and process them inside and release the output. Yes, of course it has the memory also. So, uh it can work as a computer, right? It can keeps the data inside. There is volatile memory, non-volatile memory.

[00:07:00]So, it looks like a computer.

[00:07:02]Okay?

[00:07:03]So, then let's see some of the Okay, before before that, let me take the types of Arduino boards. There are several Arduino boards available.

[00:07:14]At least we remember some of the name.

[00:07:15]Arduino Uno, that may be uh the one that we are going to use. It is best for Arduino beginners. So, Arduino Uno.

[00:07:24]Second one, look at them. Arduino Mega.

[00:07:27]Uh Arduino 101, Arduino Zero, Arduino Yun, Arduino LilyPad, Arduino Nano, Arduino MKR Zero, and of course there are some others, too. Right? So, these are the types of Arduino boards.

[00:07:40]And let's take the parts of the Arduino boards.

[00:07:44]Right, look here. Number one, I'm taking the visual from my your book. Right, this has been extracted from your book, so it may be useful.

[00:07:53]Uh because we like to take only the parts mentioned in your book, not the other parts.

[00:07:58]Right, number one, let me This is already named, but let me repeat the name of the component and its function. Right. Uh mini USB, that is number one. So, mini USB may be used for two purposes. One for Uh it can be used to supply the power for this board. Because this is a circuit board, it needs electricity. So, through this mini USB, we can supply the electricity because you have a computer, laptop, or whatever. Uh there you have the electricity. By connecting the laptop and this mini USB through the USB cable, you can power this Arduino board. The other other reason why we have a mini USB here is Uh the instructions which this Arduino board needs must be written in your computer. There after, those instructions must be uploaded or must be sent to this memory, so to this board through the mini USB. Have you understood? This Arduino board has to do some action, but it does it doesn't know how to perform the actions. So, we have to write those instructions in the computer and transfer them through mini USB using USB cable. Right? Number two, power regulator. Yes, it can be used for adjusting the power, adjusting the voltage. Right, power regulator.

[00:09:17]Number three is DC power. Uh I already mentioned that uh mini USB can be used to supply the power. Yes, at the same time, through the DC power jack also, you can give the power for this Arduino board. It needs 5 V electricity. So, through this uh part also, you can supply the electricity. Right? That is DC power.

[00:09:41]Number four, power pins. Right? There are some pins called power pins. They can be used to get the power. Right? For example, assume that you connect uh you connect let's say sensor here. Sensor is a hardware that needs electricity. So, if you connect your sensor in this power pins, they will be powered, which means they will get electricity. Okay? So, they are called power pins.

[00:10:08]Then analog pins. Right? Look at them from A0 to A5. They are called analog pins. They are used to connect input devices which can input analog data, specially sensors. Not all the sensors, some of the sensors. Right? Let me repeat them. There are some input devices because this is a It looks like a computer, right? We can connect output devices as well as input devices. If you want to connect input devices which can input analog data, you have to use analog pins. Right?

[00:10:42]Then the most important one, this one.

[00:10:45]This is microcontroller or ATmega328P.

[00:10:49]Right? ATmega328P.

[00:10:53]Then the last one is number seven, digital pins or sometimes called digital IO pins. Right? Digital IO pins, digital input output pins.

[00:11:05]This is These are for connecting digital devices which can be input devices or output devices. Right? So, they are digital pins. We have from We have digital pins from 0 to 13. Right? So, here you can connect input devices as well as output devices, but more importantly, all must be digital devices. Right? For example, if you are connecting an LED uh in in a program that that must be connected one of the digital pins because LED is a digital device, okay?

[00:11:40]So, let's take take the parts quickly.

[00:11:43]Mini USB, power regulator, DC power jack or DC power power pins, analog pins from A0 to A5, then microcontroller or ATmega328P, and here digital pins. Okay? So, hereafter we have to write some instructions to this Arduino board and let the Arduino board to do some functions, basic functions.

[00:12:12]As I mentioned earlier, Arduino board doesn't know how to do any function. So, we are the one who have to give the instructions to the Arduino board and instruct the Arduino board about how to do some functions or operations, right?

[00:12:28]Uh by using sensors and other object, by connecting the sensors and other objects.

[00:12:34]Okay, we will have to do that in another part. So, that's it for today or that that's it for uh in this video, we will be discussing those things in another part, okay?

[00:12:49]Right.