JKSSB Staff Nurse 2026 | CHN I & II One Shot Revision – Part 2 || By Gazala Ma'am

[00:00:00]Greetings DAA Students Welcome to Falcon Nursing Classes Today We Are Going to Start the Community Health Nursing Lectures which JKSSB had launched its There is a syllabus on the website, in that we have some chapters One shot from the series today.

[00:00:20]Its first part in which our Introduction to Community Health and Community health nursing will come. community Health Nursing Process Third Unit Health Assessment, Fourth Principles of Epidemiology and Epidemiological Methods. This is us today Will discuss. Whatever is related to them These are important points, we will discuss them.

[00:00:43]do. So if we look at the first point What is the first point? The first point which is When was Hu established? If we look at WHO World Health Organization which This is an authority which also directs which also coordinates globally Looks at all the health related issues There are problems at the international level.

[00:01:07]It decides everything is okay.

[00:01:10]These 19 agencies are related to health.

[00:01:14]This is our 19 48 was established in 1948. Who Our second point is that is the father of Modern Epidemiology. Epidemiology Ah Father of Modern Epidemiology before I tell you I want to explain that epidemiology is What is? Breaking Down Epidemiology Are. Ape means upon demo means ah population and Logy Means Study. That means study upon The Population. We study population Are. This is like a research study.

[00:01:49]Like for example, Covid happened. Covid What happened in me? had a respiratory disease Where did the communicable incident take place? vehicle It happened in. It first happened in China.

[00:02:00]Ok? So it was seen there that this Epidemiologists went there. Researchers Went there. He saw if this disease It is happening. What is the causative agent?

[00:02:10]Behind this? Which is the reason, which is the cause Is? So that we can prevent this in the future.

[00:02:15]Can. In this way our Father of Modern Epidemiology is. Ok? that is who Is? We should know his name. that is John Jon Snow. What did Jon Snow do?

[00:02:36]Actually we call it modern epidemiologist Why do you say it? What is the reason? Us Reese should know. Only then will we remember We can keep it when we know the logic. Correct Is? Otherwise you will cram and nothing will happen.

[00:02:51]WHO was established in 1948. This to you Will have to remember. Ok? Modern Epidimol Like John is slow. Why is it? Because He also did research. He has a Saw it in the community. outbreak there It was cholera. He observed that cholera If it is happening then why is it happening? which region It is happening from. They went there Did research. He saw that the people there There is a tube well in the community.

[00:03:18]The same water that is available is used. those people We use the same water and that water Because that is dirty water and that dirty water Because of this he is getting sick. For him Cholera is happening. Ok? So this gave the cause Find out. So what do we do to this Do you speak? Modern Epidemiologist Which is our Jon Snow. Give us our third The point that comes is primary.

[00:03:44]What does Prevention do? Primary Prevention prevents disease.

[00:03:53]Prevent primary prevention diseases Does. Why does it prevent disease?

[00:03:58]Is? Because look at the levels of prevention that Yes, they are divided among us. If we You will see that we have a primal Prevention. Ok? Primodal Prevention One There is neither such prevention nor respect.

[00:04:11]There is only one thing. But still, what do we do?

[00:04:14]Are you? We are trying to Avoid diseases. We have the concept here Remember that the respecter in the premodal It doesn't exist. Still we are trying Avoid diseases. Then Primary Prevention is what has been asked here. Correct Is? The respecter is present here.

[00:04:29]Like what it means to be respectful present What is? As Contaminated water in a community are people using it or whatever is there The sanitation is not proper. So there Whatever diseases there are, they will happen. over there Safe Water Practices Storage There are no practices. So what about going forward Will be done? When they stored well How to store rainwater He properly? So there the source of Malaria will occur. Ok? Letter on here But we have to see that there is a risk there.

[00:05:00]It went, right? So that's it. In secondary we Have to see. As you may know, early Diagnosis and treatment. as quickly as possible Diagnosis and treatment are done.

[00:05:10]And in the last tertiary we see Rehabilitation. We consider that person our Bringing it to the level of maximum function Let's try. Ok? So primary Here we must remember primary prevention.

[00:05:23]Is. Diseases have to be prevented.

[00:05:26]Prevents. Now the odds ratio is Calculated in okay? Odds Ratio Calculation How is it done? In this we do odds Odd Equal To Number With Event Divide by Number With out Event.

[00:06:02]Ok? That means this is what we see.

[00:06:06]Are? We see two things here.

[00:06:10]Case control study. Ok? Case Control Study means in that we find this odd which is odd Let's try to find out the odds What is ours? What we do in case control We do? Like there are 60 people like 60 in a Is it population or people, who care?

[00:06:32]Who has 60 people who smoke cigarettes And the 40 that is not cigarette smoking We do. So how do we find the odds ratio?

[00:06:42]Will you take it out? You will get a question there given that 60 which is [sound of clearing throat] He was exposed They are cigarette smokers and then they have lung problems.

[00:06:51]I have got a disease. Ok? he used to smoke cigarettes And he got lung disease. 40, which is 40 people There are those who have lung disease but He did not have that exposure. them cigarettes There was no smoking. Ok? they don't take Were. So how do we show this? 60 Divide by 40. Ok? That is 1.5 The answer to 1.5 will come. Next Let's see the question. Relative risk.

[00:07:24]Relative risk is what we look at in cohort studies.

[00:07:27]In. Ok? Cohort study which study I will tell you what happens. So Relative risk is based on which method of study?

[00:07:35]Is it seen in epidemiology? that is Ko Hurt.

[00:07:57]Kohat is seen in Kohat what is seen in Kohat What is done in Cohort Studies this is Kohar So far you have seen that heart studies we We'll see, right, we'll look at cohort studies.

[00:08:33]Which are the things that we all love and care about?

[00:08:37]From this we will understand what cohort studies are.

[00:08:40]We call such a group a cohort.

[00:08:43]Which has similar characteristics There are. Group With Similar Characteristics Groups with similar characteristics. Ok?

[00:09:03]For example, there is a birth cohort whose Same date of birth. whose same date It happens off birth. whose beans like whose If marriage happens on the same date then we consider the marriage Hurt will speak. sitting in the same class So that is also a group in which one Has similar characteristics. for example If you are doing B.Sc Nursing then all those I am doing B.Sc Nursing. take a course Have been. studying in a particular college Are. Doing it at a particular time.

[00:09:30]Doing it in a particular year. Isn't it?

[00:09:33]So all these things make them cohote because they have some characteristics It is similar. Ok? In the same way, the risk All we have to remember here is relative The risk is seen only in cohort studies.

[00:09:47]goes. Why? Why? Because we are in this What do we do in this cohort study? We Let's see, we compare.

[00:09:59]Compare Disease Risk. [Laughter] Risk between Exposed End un Exposed.

[00:10:22]Ok? You have to remember what's in the cohort We do? We compare disease risk to those who have been exposed, those who Have not been exposed. Come to the next point Let's go.

[00:10:36]Now the sixth point is our bore committee.

[00:10:40]Have you heard about it? Everyone must have heard it. bore Committee We Have to Remember 1943 It was established in. And what did they I said that we will conduct a survey. We survey do. We will see this disease as a whole.

[00:10:59]Why is it happening in India? Why India Getting sick? Will conduct a survey. Whose Related? Related to health. Health's Will conduct related survey. Right? So these do does did? Health related surveys Had done. It was established in 1943. donation Seventh Point Seventh Point: First Step of Outbreak Investigation is the first priority whenever and wherever If there is an outbreak, the first person there Which step is ours? Ok? We First of all, let's confirm Confirming Diagnosis.

[00:11:47]Confirming the diagnosis. we over there Confirm the diagnosis by kissing there Verify the item and the donation Let's verify the outbreak. outbreak of disease of disease.

[00:12:07]Ok? Let's verify the outbreak of Disease. So here we have This will be the answer. If you are asked anywhere What will be the first step? First The next step will be to confirm the diagnosis.

[00:12:22]Which disease and outbreak occurred?

[00:12:24]Is. Ok? So to confirm the diagnosis You have to do a lot of things to Will fall. This is a work of researchers. They How to diagnose. like I I told you just now Epidemol Just Jon Snow He saw that the water from the tubewell was That is not right. He is sick from dirty water.

[00:12:43]People are living. So in the same way he is here Trying to Find Out the Diagnosis do. Ok? Then after that our eighth The point comes.

[00:12:54]Our eighth point is multiplier user in The maternal motility ratio is that is 1 lakh.

[00:13:03]That is 1 lakh.

[00:13:12]That is 1 lakh live Birth.

[00:13:20]1 lakh live births. Ok? So [sound of clearing throat] Simple. Next Let's go. A ninth point which is our That is sensitivity refers to. Now Understand sensitivity. Look when If you are asked about sensitivity, then different They can also be asked in. Ok? To you All you have to do here is remember this.

[00:13:42]What does that sensitivity do? This one There is a test. Test Ability Test Ability Two Correctly to correctly identify Disease.

[00:14:06]Identify the disease. Ok? As We will understand through examples. As There is the Monteux test.

[00:14:17]What do we do in Montex Test?

[00:14:20]tuberculosis in an individual Is it tuberculosis or not? For that we Let's do the Monteux test. in which we We do? Many times all this also happens in exams.

[00:14:30]are asked. Ok? a in that we are like Purified Protein Derivative PPD which is 0.1 A is given. Ok? And we see What is the duration? what is the diameter Is? If the induration is more than 5 Milliliter will be more than mm. MM is It will be more than milliliters. from 5 mm If it is more then we call it test It is positive. So whatever sensitivity There are tests, we are here with sensitivity Do you refer me? A Test Ability to Correctly identify the disease. Ok?

[00:15:06]Is it a disease or not? that thing is revealed Is. Next and then a which is that is the 10th point. 10th point is First Step of Community Health Nursing Process. See Community Health Nursing process when we go into the community a community nursing process that is quite different from the one We have a canal in the hospital. Ok?

[00:15:41]a clinical procedure performed in a hospital Quite different. Why? Because The community here is here What are we focusing on in the community?

[00:15:53]Puri Hole community at the Whole Community but in the hospital we Focusing on one individual at a time The focus is on the individual. Correct Is? So here is the first step There is assessment in both. But The approach is different. Ok?

[00:16:17]It happens in a different way. That when we Particularly Community Health Nursing You will read the process in detail there.

[00:16:23]We will see. So here we have to see that The first step is assessment.

[00:16:31]Whatever is there in that is there in this also but the method It is different. Assessment.

[00:16:40]Ok? Next A Health [laughter] [throat clearing sound] According to health which is according to Who if we see according to WHO HEALTH KYA BOLAT HEALTH IS complete Physical mental End Social and Social Well Being okay social well being not merely the Absence of Disease of disease and infinity Okay, so basically, I mean, what I mean by that is, I was here that health is a complete Physical Mental Social Spiritual He doesn't come here. All this in the question It is asked that the question will come to you that which Health has given the definition. health key What three things are included in the definition?

[00:17:58]That Is Physical mental End Social. Spirituality does not come here.

[00:18:12]Because who said what? it is A complete physical and mental recovery Needed A person should be socially well too Only then will we call him a healthy person.

[00:18:23]Right? So let's move ahead. Head Quarters of Jain.

[00:18:31]Let's see the headquarters.

[00:18:34]This question has also been asked many times that head Where are the quarters located? Who's who of that is Jenny or Where everyone wants to travel Is. Switzerland Switzerland.

[00:19:05]Ok? So visit Geneva, Switzerland Wherever you feel like, you go there once Go and see WHO's too. A right there But there is a headquarters. Then next point we Let's see.

[00:19:23]WHO WAS ESTABLISHED AS AN SPECIALIZER agency of WHO Established Specialized agency.

[00:19:37]Ok? Why? So who did it? This that The United The United Nations said that this is Whoever it is, it will be responsible For whom? This will be responsible for the public For health. Public health Public health For all the issues related to An agency related to this will be appointed.

[00:20:06]That is who. Ok? Moving Ahead There are also many on the Alma Alta Declaration Questions are asked in examinations In. So when was this established? Allma We have to remember the Altar Declaration.

[00:20:20]1978 This was established in. Ok?

[00:20:28]Alma Alta Declaration Alma Alta The conference was jointly held.

[00:20:36]Organized by WHO, along with WHO and WHO Was? With this, we have to remember when WHO Plus with UNICEF WHO and UNICEF, when they come together So what did they make of Alma Alta?

[00:20:57]What is the Declaration and the Alma Alta Declaration?

[00:21:01]Does he speak? This says Health for All. it It was made in 1978. Who said what?

[00:21:09]Health For All Okay, who said health for all.

[00:21:21]Let's move ahead. Alma Altar Declaration Emphysema Achieving Health for All by Kiske with? He tried to achieve it.

[00:21:32]With whom did you try to achieve this? This I tried to achieve what I just told you.

[00:21:37]UNICEF said UNICEF means United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund and Who met and he said that Health is everyone's right. like Eid Eid day is everyone's day. It's neither yours nor mine Yes, it is Eid for everyone. Similarly, health or Achieving and receiving health services This is everyone's right. Ok? WHO and UNICEF. Then we reach point 17 Are. This is primary health care speaking.

[00:22:14]Was declared as the key to.

[00:22:19]As the Key to Achieving Achieving The Goal.

[00:22:28]The Goal of Health For All.

[00:22:36]Ok? This is why it was established It was to primary health care. Primary You must have seen health care as primary There are many health care centers How many in the Villagers Ruler were established. Why? so that everyone Health related services that are available Let it be reached. It should be delivered. Ok? Next The eighth point is our A 18th o Ottawa Chatter for Health Promotion was adopted in When was this adopted? This is what we have to remember that it is adopted 1986 In. In 1986, he won the First International Had a conference. First International International The conference took place On health promotion. Sometimes this question also It is asked that if there is any health Promotion if conference is held What did it happen to? us on health promotion You should know that it happened in 1986. Correct Is? And what did he say? He defined Ninth Point, which is 19 Point, which is Ottawa.

[00:24:09]Chatter Define the Health Promotion. He How is health promotion defined?

[00:24:15]He said that health promotion is How will we define it? When people in When People When People enable to increase control Control Over and improve There Health.

[00:24:52]When people will have control over it, like bad You should not do what you have habits. Cigarette Smoking is something that you should not do. own There will be control over lifestyle.

[00:25:01]When their control increases Will go. Then their health will be It can be improved. It has promoted health was defined in this manner. Right? donation After that It bid Five Priorities.

[00:25:20]He gave five priorities. Which ones?

[00:25:24]There are some inclusions in this. Such as Building Health Policy. Public Policy Something should be done for public policy.

[00:25:33]Some policies should be made for the community So that whatever diseases there are in the communities That should be prevented. Creating Supportive It is the environment, right? And along with this it what did you say? Said supportive environment. And Along with this he said developing Developing Personal Developing Personal Skill developing personal skills. Ok?

[00:26:04]This means we can understand BCC also.

[00:26:07]Behavioral Change Communication. That means that we You shouldn't know that hand washing What is? Rather, because of hand washing we What should be done? We put it into practice Should be used.

[00:26:20]We have to make it our habit that we do proper Keep washing your hands. Ok?

[00:26:27][suddenly loud breathing] After this, the next 21 Health Promotion Differs From the Health Education in what aspect, look at this Questions are asked repeatedly Try to understand them in examinations which I also gave an explanation of that You have to pay attention to the explanation and All your MCQs related to this If you go, they will be solved. Ok? So Here we will see that health promotion There are things. One is health Promotion.

[00:27:10]Second is health education.

[00:27:15]Health education. The difference between these two What is? What is the difference? We will see that.

[00:27:22]If we look at health education, it is just Giving information.

[00:27:34]It is just giving information. Right? So I have understood this here. But this which Help promotion is what is that thing? that we We will see. Help promotion, what it means It happens to be a broad There is a broader policy.

[00:27:58]Off Environment End Social Actions and social actions environment and that is If we talk about health promotion then We are very, he is very wide. He is very broad Is. There is a broader policy. But if we just Speaking of a health education, that means Just Giving Information will give you health related information.

[00:28:28]If you are getting any information then it is fine.

[00:28:35]22 we have come to community health nursing is Define as community health nursing if If we define it, how will we do it?

[00:28:44]Will define community health nursing Our nursing in this Practices are cases End Public Health There are practices.

[00:29:08]Public health practices are those that Is it done for? Apply Which is applicable to community The first thing we said about community is a Nursing Practices and Public Health Practices are applied to a Community Pay Usage Community Health Nursing Speaks. If we look at the goal of What Is the Ultimate Goal of Community Health Nursing What is its ultimate goal? what is the Ultimate goal? If we look at that, that is the Preservation.

[00:29:50]That is the preservation End Promotion.

[00:29:58]Preservation and Promotion.

[00:30:01]Next, then Community Health Nursing Focuses on the Population As a Hole As a Hole Not Individual As I told you, in the community we What do you do? We give an individual Don't consider it. like we If we go to the hospital, our He is a patient. He has his own file.

[00:30:28]Everything is available to us there.

[00:30:31]But when we go into the community Not everything is available there. There But your responsibilities are more It comes. There you will find the community as a Treating the Whole Community as an Individual Does matter. considering it as a hole Does matter. Ok? This question was asked Is. give after that Community Health Nursing Nurses Act as an Advocate wo Advocate Act She does it for patients Patients for the Rights of Patients Advocate for all the rights of She does. Principles of Community Health Nursing Emphasis Family Age Most On whom does it emphasize? most What importance does this have for It is important, it is important family for this Edge Unit understands this family age unit. Correct Is? Community Health Nurse who is or The biggest principal of nursing is The practice is that he should give it to a family One has to understand it as a unit. This question is very It is asked in the Bar Examinations. So sometimes You will also not forget to say community health It is the principal in nursing that we Consider family as a unit.

[00:31:58]Then Community Health Nursing Practices is guided by the principle of It is guided by the principle of see that In the community of the community, so okay, we Are going. When practicing in the community If we do it then active participation will be given to us.

[00:32:32]Remember that active participation It is very important.

[00:32:39]If you want to participate from the community there She is not doing it at all. Any benefit you give Not there. You go and visit them at home and You are providing them care. Active Participation of the community is varied.

[00:32:53]Ok? For Practicing the Community Health practices. Ok? as long as he We will not do anything until we participate.

[00:33:00]Will not do. Then after that next point Which is our first step of community Health Nursing Process. That's everyone's It happens and the first step of nursing is What is it too? Our assessment.

[00:33:14]Assessment. Now it's another matter when we If you read in detail, you will see. There is a lot of it in All different things come. As Identification, To do community identification. Many more Things Apart From Joe Clinical Assessment It happens. But what happens is that we are family Of Let's look at the needs. According to community Whenever anything is done in It is done according to the need. Ok?

[00:33:40]We should keep this basic concept in the community We have to keep in mind that whenever we see anyone in the community perform procedures, any health education We give, that is according to the need. Need It won't happen without it. Like Kashmir is here There are more cases of influenza etc. In winters it comes seasonal so here Health education is focused on those things.

[00:33:59]It will be more if we talk about Jammu.

[00:34:01]It is very hot there, so Our health education there is It will be related to things so that those there But in summer that disease comes again, malaria.

[00:34:12]It may not happen. Ok?

[00:34:14]If we look at community in this way Help Nursing What is the second step? like our The second step is diagnosis. Beans What happens here? community Diagnosis.

[00:34:35]Ok? And community diagnosis is Who do we do it with? Epidemiology When we study population. Plus Demography Data When we have epidemiological data and Only after demographic data is available What can we do? The second step which is Community diagnosis can be done.

[00:35:05]Next Community diagnosis is based on Community diagnosis is based on our I read there that the second step is community.

[00:35:26]Diagnosis is made and is based on Which Pe Demographic Data what we just wrote earlier It is based Demographic Data and AP Demology pe.

[00:35:52]Ok?

[00:35:55]so community Diagnosis differs from the clinical Diagnosis. How? As it is based on Because it is based on population health data.

[00:36:18]population Health Whatever our data is, we need to give it to the database.

[00:36:28]Signs and symptoms rather than the signs and More than symptoms, we are here when we When we go to the community, we What do we look at: the health of the whole population?

[00:36:37]What is the status, what is the data, we will discuss that Let's see why the diagnosis here What will happen. But when we reached the hospital side When we go there, we take the patient's signature.

[00:36:43]End symptoms are seen individually. Correct Is? This is the difference between the community Diagnosis and Illegal Diagnosis. Next Planning in Community Health Nursing Involves Planning Claire Round.

[00:36:59]Objectives End Priorities For nursing care. You have to remember in Planning of Community Health Nursing There should be clear goals. Objectives Nursing Care and Priorities Care. What do you need there?

[00:37:16]Yes, priority seems to be all that and goals and It should be objective. donation What should we have in implementation?

[00:37:21]Simple, what we just planned What is the plan? actually Carry carried out, he actually carried us out Have to do it. ok next we'll see Evaluation. What do we look for in evaluation?

[00:37:36]Are? In the evaluation, we see that the also our objectives And goals were what they achieved.

[00:37:44]Did it happen or not? Ok? after this Next comes Home Visiting Define Age If You need to define home visiting.

[00:37:50]How will you do it? We would call this a professional This is a We would call this a professional There is a visit. There is a visit. Ok?

[00:38:06]Who does what? A health worker. One The health worker does it. Where to go?

[00:38:11]In families. Going to families, he He visits. There care is provided Does. So wherever you see home Visit. Home visit is a professional visit.

[00:38:21]Next Principle of Home Visit. what is the Principle of home visit? If we look at The principle of home visit is your clear There must be a purpose There should be an end well plan. If your good The plan is everything. Your Clearly Purpose So for every visit, you get a gift to your home.

[00:38:41]Follow the principle of home visit.

[00:38:43]had been. Then next we will see that the First visit is usually focused on. when we First we don't know the family, so we Let's try to see what we have to do with them.

[00:38:53]Made? IPR became an interpersonal relationship.

[00:38:55]So that we have everything with us We can share it or we can build it.

[00:39:01]of Rapt okay building of rapid plus with this We will assess the needs of what is needed here.

[00:39:10]First we went to do home business any At home, we discussed IPR with them there.

[00:39:14]developed rapid okay a trust so that They should trust us and then We saw what happened in this family.

[00:39:18]We need to adjust our position accordingly.

[00:39:20]Nursing care that needs to be planned Effort Then comes our bag technique.

[00:39:25]Refers to a method of using nursing bags Two. What do we use this for? See Home visit and bag technique which is this is interlinked. When we go for home visits If you are in the community, what happens there?

[00:39:34]Is? We have to carry bags there.

[00:39:36]Because the bag contained our articles Are. We have equipment that helps us Have to use it. a sterile technique With SFT technology we can simplify the procedures and prevent infection.

[00:39:44]Otherwise, the infection can be carried from one house to another.

[00:39:47]It is possible So what do we have to do?

[00:39:48]Bag. Bag technique means all the things in that bag There are articles, all the instruments which we use for the procedure Let's go. Ok? So this is referred to in Using a Nursing Bag to Nursing For procedures. of nursing procedures It is used for nursing For procedures. then its main The purpose is so that we can prevent Its infection.

[00:40:12]That Is Family Health Assessment Includes In the Evaluation of Family Health Assessment, we What do you evaluate? So we Remember, in the family health assessment, we Which are the ones who do the evaluation?

[00:40:22]Are there things? that is family structure Family Structure That is family structure and Health Practice. Health Practice Plus, plus available resources.

[00:40:52]available Resources Available resources that are family health What is asked in the assessment?

[00:41:02]It gets included when we join the family in any Go to the community and look after the family When we do assessments, their structure Let's see what it means to look at family structure That's how many member birds are there Who is the head of the family? How many children are there?

[00:41:13]How old are you? That is family structure.

[00:41:15]Ok? and health practices means that How many health practices do you use?

[00:41:18]Those who are near them by service they do it Do you or don't you? Available Resources What resources are available to them? What Address available with them like for follow There are areas where there are many available resources.

[00:41:26]There are less. So Family Health Assessment We evaluate these things.

[00:41:30]Then we will move on to the next question.

[00:41:32]They ask. Family ABGAR score is Used to. like we Apgar scores anyway Let's use it. Here also we upgrade What is scoring used for?

[00:41:40]We will see. here here joe apgar What does scoring mean?

[00:41:44]Is? That happens, it happens from A Option. A is Adaptation partnership partnership donation Growth than growth Affection Growth Affection and Last Resolve Resolve Okay, now let's understand this, Family ABG R means A means option P means Partnership and G mean Growth and A mean Affection R means resolve, that is, we Let's see how adoption is in the family How is their partnership with each other?

[00:42:28]How is their growth and how is their affection towards each other?

[00:42:30]They have an emotional connection and How do you resolve it if you Problems in day to day life which extra How do you deal with the search engines?

[00:42:36]Are. Ok? Asking the next question Are. That is a genogram.

[00:42:41]Next question is genogram.

[00:42:45]Genogram. Now let us understand the genogram.

[00:42:47]What is a genogram? to the genogram To understand this, we must know that What are the things in a genogram?

[00:42:52]In a genogram, we look at the family structure.

[00:42:54]Are. Family Structure Relationships with family structure I will write in short.

[00:43:05]Relationships Relationships Relationships One is the family structure In whom do we see relationships?

[00:43:17]in the genogram. To understand the genogram Once we see here what is a genogram It happens? Who do you call? genograms like We asked what happens in this? One The family structure will come. a family Structure A family's structure and relationships relationships, whatever relationships that It happens in the family, but this family The structure and relationships that we have In generations, we see generations like for Example Family Tree. Confusion for many students It is found in pedigree and genogram.

[00:43:51]What is the difference between a pedigree and a genogram?

[00:43:53]When we are in the community, we do community nursing.

[00:43:56]plan or family nursing plan or create an individual nursing plan There, sometimes in the community, then there A genogram is made. In the genogram We look at their structure from generation to generation What is? What are their relationships?

[00:44:06]Relationships are more focused here.

[00:44:08]goes. Like how the members get along with each other Is it Bond? How are his emotions? like for For example, we show that if the dotted line is We will show this dotted line. What does it mean There is a distance in the relationship between these two.

[00:44:18]Is. Is there any problem in the relationship between these two?

[00:44:19]Is. There is an emotional problem. Ok? So We see all this in the genogram. These The focus here is on relationships and that's it.

[00:44:25]Social characteristics on these things.

[00:44:27]But if we look at the pedigree we If we make the hospital side then in Pedgari and There's a lot of difference in this because We use that on the clinical side. in that We look at biological trades. in that We look at jeans. In that too we are generations Let's go to But that was our focus.

[00:44:38]that any disease is due to genetic trades It is not inherited. Ok? to that thing We create a pedigree to find out Are. But in genogram we can compare relationships Focus more. This is a difference Between the Genogram and Pedigree. Next Let's reach the question.

[00:44:53]Next is Ecomp Represents the Family.

[00:44:56]Watch Ecomap Represents Family How are the connections and relations? whoever is there Environment is the outer part of a family How is the environment? how with him Is it a relationship? That is Ecomp Represent.

[00:45:06]Ok? Ecomp Represents the Family Relationships Relationships End connection. Relationship and Connection with with outside environment with outside Environment Right Outside Environment It is okay to have a relationship with After this, if we look at health assessment Begins with If We See So Simple Health When we do assessment, the first thing we do is We need to know the history of You don't know the history.

[00:45:45]Data is not available for one family or You can do a health assessment of an individual.

[00:45:48]can't do it okay so history Taking is varied. Ok? First of all we Collect History Taking Collection Here Of history taking takes place. give after If we look at the next one, which is first Step in the health step. This is the first step This is also history taking. History History Taking is the first step. Ok? History Taking then methods of physical examination Includes inspection, palpation, percussion. Correct Is? See, when we do any physical When we take the examination, our Inspection does happen. palpation also It happens. It has also given permission from there It happens. And which one remains now? that is Auscultation. Auscultation That is auscultation. We call him Auscultation. Ok? Now in inspection What happens? We look at inspections What happens in an inspection? first of all What happens at the first inspection? We Let's site here. The site is here What do we do? Here we see Are. Here we see with one eye Let's see. We visualize that There is no problem with the patient. Any There is no issue. Visually Observing Hum This is called visually observing.

[00:46:54]Visually Observing. Our gift after that There comes palpation. Palpation how we always We do? By touch. By touch we will see someone There is no month, there is no month or anything else.

[00:47:06]Or is there no tenderness?

[00:47:11]There is no tenderness etc. present by We can only see touch, so we will see that After this we will see where we were Kalpana Percussion we will see if there is any tenderness etc. No, after this we will see in percussion In percussion, we'll look at what percussion is.

[00:47:26]things are seen so if we look In percussion we see fluid fluid or we see air fluid or air We will see bye Recording by tapping and notating the sound Noting Sound by tapping and noting the sound right here we are talking about what we We are looking at the percussion here.

[00:47:55]I am sure there is no fluid ear etc. and we Tapping and noting the sound we note That there is no sound. Let's take note There is no sound when we tap.

[00:48:03]We do. In inspection we are just patient If it comes, we will see. Let's visualize.

[00:48:06]Let's observe someone. any problem then Not there. In the given package we see someone By touching the menstrual period. In the percussion we Let's see if there's any fluid ear or something like that.

[00:48:12]Taping method. And the last thing we said was That's another thing that comes here: auscultation.

[00:48:17]What do we see in auscultation?

[00:48:18]In auscultation we observe sounds.

[00:48:20]Sounds like for example hum heart ki We will see. We'll look at the heart, the lungs.

[00:48:25]We will see or we will see the bowl. Wow The sounds that come, all the sounds that are They are moved. Ok? The The next question is that is the method of This is done including physical examination.

[00:48:35]Inspection is performed using the sense of Now how to use inspection goes? That is the site. We have seen this That is the site.

[00:48:46]That is the site. Then palpation is used to assess Texture Temperature. And when we puppeteer So what are the things we assess?

[00:48:53]At that time? We assess. Its Together we are fluid Along with this we will see tenderness.

[00:49:00]You will notice tenderness or an abnormal mass.

[00:49:03]If something like that happens, we will see. Then there's the percussion In percussion, we'll see some fluid or There is no air etc. Ok? Bye Tapping. At the next auscultation In auscultation we see simply Sounds. Like the lung sounds we just talked about Are there lung sounds or bowel sounds?

[00:49:20]There are. Ok? Parastill movements She goes. Because of that sounds etc. come.

[00:49:23]Are. Then normal body temperature. tell me the If we look at the normal body temperature, it is 98.6 Degree Fahrenheit is the normal temperature. These The question has been asked. If we look at Celsius that is 7 37 degrees Celsius.

[00:49:36]Look, it is a normal temperature. Now Normal Oral If we have to see the temperature, then it is the body The temperature rose. This is the body temperature.

[00:49:43]If we get back to normal now If you want to see the normal oral temperature, then that is Sem 6 in degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius 37 degrees Celsius. Then normal If we have to see the pulse rate then we can do that Let's take 6200 Beats per minute.

[00:50:00]Ok? If we want to see normal We take respiration 12 to 12 to 20 Minutes per breath. But how much in a minute Is it normal? This question was also asked Is. Ok? After this normal blood pressure which is one because we health assessment our There is a unit in which all these Things that are normal values ​​include That is mm Hg that is 120 by 80 mm Hg okay sometimes you have to do this separately You will be asked what is systole systole 120 is normal and diastole which is 180 watt What do you mean by systole?

[00:50:30]When our heart contracts When he makes the contract, at that time But our pressure is 120 And when our heart relaxes The pressure that is there in the IATA at that time That is 80 mA. Ok? After that, what is A pulse is most commonly palpated. Where We most commonly puppet? that is Radial Artery. That is the radial artery. him we We speak of the radial artery.

[00:50:56]For him. If we look at where the pals are Is? That is the radial artery.

[00:51:08]That is the radial artery. in the radial artery We passed. If we look at Brachiaria Look dear, what's in it We have to see Braki. what does brake mean It happens? Braki means take.

[00:51:34]Brachy means brachytic cardia.

[00:51:37]What does brachycardia mean? Bracchi Means less or lower than normal. Cardio Means heart. That means whenever in the heart What happens to us? Heart beat hum 60 spoke. There are 60 to 100 beats per minute.

[00:51:47]When it will blow from 60. When 60 blows What will we say to him if he goes? For him Brachycardia will speak. Tachycardia We just saw that tachycardia What happens? 100 to 60 is it. So if If it exceeds 100 then what will we do with it?

[00:51:58]Will you say? If it becomes 100% above then we We will tell him that the tachycardia has been completed. Correct Is? Now the next one is that is BMI. See BAMI is asked many times in exams.

[00:52:08]How is BMI calculated? that is Very easy. We take it out. We see Height of the person. Height of the person.

[00:52:16]Height of the person. The height of the person is observed Is.

[00:52:21]Height of the person.

[00:52:24]in meter in Meter Square Meter Square It is written. Ok? Its formula, which hai woh hai weight in kg is weight in kg Divide by height, height is what I just did I told you we look at it in square meters.

[00:52:47]Are. So how will we write the height?

[00:52:49]of the meter Meter square of meter. Ok? This is us BMI see Body Mass Index. Correct Is? That should be normal. If from normal If it is more then we call it obese.

[00:53:01]Is. We categorize this Underweight in different categories Yes, I am overweight, I am obese. Ok? As It has said that BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is Classified as, in which should we classify this do? If it's BMI in question If you are asked this in the exam, If there is BMI, then in what do we categorize it?

[00:53:18]do? So we will say that is normal weight.

[00:53:22]Normal weight: His weight is normal.

[00:53:25]If your BMI is 30 or above, that is Obesity That is Obese, we can also say that is Obese is okay so anthropomorphic Measurements Commonly Include Height Weight This is mid arm mid upper arm circumference and If we also look at the height in this, when we Anthropomatic assessment of children is done Or if we measure the height of an individual, Let's see what its height is and what its weight is.

[00:53:48]Does it have it? Hum mid upper arm in children See also Surfmen. And along with him we What do you see? that is skin fold that is skin fold Thickness.

[00:54:02]Skin fold thickness. Skin Fold Thickness And plus head circumference as well.

[00:54:08]It is seen. Head circumference also We will see. then mid arm circumference, which is mid-arm circumference If we look at is used to assess the Nutritional Status Yes, absolutely we Use for nutritional status In which In young children Young Children's Then epidemiology is in young children defined as the study of distribution and Determinants of health-related events And if we define epidemiology It has distribution and determinants are the distribution of disease occurs, that is, in which area it occurs It extends up to. If this breaks out somewhere If it happens then how much area will be involved?

[00:54:45]Has gone. In the same way, what are the determinants?

[00:54:47]There are risk factors in it. Ok? and its What all comes along with it? That is health Related events.

[00:54:56]Health Related Events And we can also call it state. State Inn specified population these specified populations okay these After this in the specified population we have one In epidemiology, we will see that What is the distribution of disease?

[00:55:18]What determines how much outbreak if Have you got any disease? Like Covid 19 has happened.

[00:55:21]So, which area should be affected and to what extent?

[00:55:22]Went? How much area was affected? Risk What are factors? What is the cause? and his Without which we see health related events What is status? a specified one If we look at a particular area, we Epidemiology speaks. Now the Epidemiology Trade Consist of Agent Host End Environment.

[00:55:39]Agent Host and Environment with Is.

[00:55:44]then the natural history of disease includes the Stage of prepathogenesis and pathogenesis.

[00:55:51]Let me show you how. prepathogenesis End Pathogenesis How Pre Pathogenesis and Pathogenesis Pathogenesis is the period when the disease which It starts getting produced.

[00:56:11]When do we say pathogens? Pathogen One It is a micro organ. There is a virus.

[00:56:14]There is a bacteria. When it is within us When the immunity in the host is low It must be the one who hugs there. over there If it multiplies then we call it pathogen.

[00:56:21]Let's say. When multiplication starts If you do it then it will lead to further disease.

[00:56:25]Produces disease. Ok? First It has to be multiple there which We call it pathogenesis. So first, natural When the histology of disease occurs in There are different stages. when prepatho pre After Means Before Pathogenesis Our The stage of pathogenesis arrives. donation Then the next question is staged before Clinical disease becomes apparent is called When the stage before the clinical disease. When clinical disease that precedes it What do we call the stage? When the disease is still We have not reached the stage before that.

[00:56:53]Everyone will say Clinical Or we will say preclinical.

[00:57:00]Here we will say preclinical. Why?

[00:57:02]Preclinical: No signs or symptoms yet Have come. So before this technical stage Will it come preclinical or subclinical also?

[00:57:08]Can. Now the iceberg of the disease.

[00:57:10]What the Iceberg of Disease says What do we have? They have said There is an iceberg. Ok? This iceberg is The way it is shown The iceberg is shown in such a way that It includes subclinical and clinical cases.

[00:57:26]Is. Ok? Subclinical and clinical cases There are. Like these cases, these What is? These are clinical cases. Clinical cases Clinical cases, that is, these cases which are We are getting to know. their sign and Symptoms are coming. So these cases to us What do you do? We know in a community We are moving. But there are some cases where Those who have a disease, but what is it? that It is hidden. He is hidden. Like we are an ice cube We see a berg in an ocean or we see ice If you grind it, it will float. one of his We will only see the tick from above. The rest of what is The portion that will remain underwater is It will not be visible. Ok? compare this thing While doing this, I have said this to explain this.

[00:58:01]It's like a burg. i.e. canical cases including signs and symptoms Symptoms come and we find out.

[00:58:06]He has a disease, what will we say to him? Who There are no hidden cases, we treat them Clinical cases speak. But what our All of us clinical cases are hidden.

[00:58:14]Let's say. Because all those cases are What is? He is hidden.

[00:58:19]They cannot be traced. Giving comes after that Our The Visible Part of the Iceberg. Now I just told you the visible part.

[00:58:25]Which one is that? That is clinical. Clinical cases These are clinical cases. Next we will go.

[00:58:31]The hidden part is what I just told you.

[00:58:33]Who is the hidden part? that subclinical Is.

[00:58:39]Subclinical cases are subclinical cases.

[00:58:43]Levels of prevention include primary, Secondary and Tertiary. Our tertiary in this The last one comes. There are three levels.

[00:58:49]Primary prevention is applied during the Stage of yes. Now look, I've got you covered with this Earlier I had said that when there is a risk factor Then we do primary prevention.

[00:58:56]Because the risk factor is available there If it is there then disease can occur, disease can be prevented What we do to primary If we do prevention then we do primary When do you use prevention?

[00:59:04]The disease has just reached the prepathogenesis stage It does not happen but we can prevent it.

[00:59:07]What happens when the pre Patho genesis prepathogenesis prepathogenesis When the stage happens, this happens at that time.

[00:59:19]Because the disease has not yet occurred at that time.

[00:59:20]We prevent it gradually Secondary Prevention Focuses on What It Is Does it focus? It focuses early Diagnosis End Prep Trp trom thi pr treatment ok Early diagnosis and proper treatment and What is our tertiary prevention focused on?

[00:59:40]what is his AI his AI is disability limiting disability Disability Limit Disability Limit Will End Disability Limit the disability that is We will rehabilitate as well as Rehab will rehab We will also rehab one person at a time.

[01:00:06]Will try to do disability for Example understand it like this that for Example: Someone got an ablution of someone Someone's leg is cut, someone's arm is cut If something is lost or cut, there will be a disability.

[01:00:14]If it is gone then what do we have to do next?

[01:00:16]It was cut but we had some pain in the patient.

[01:00:17]We need to rehab him by providing psychological support.

[01:00:19]We have to do this under tertiary prevention.

[01:00:20]Try to do the same thing as before Example: He used to sew clothes.

[01:00:23]If he used to work, what would we do if his If the arm is cut, we will call it a leg.

[01:00:26]Do it, okay, if the leg gets cut then we will cut the arm.

[01:00:28]We will get it done from the side by applying procedures, that is that we brought him to our function where the function he performed and his Her Disability Boosted Her Confidence Okay, then next comes Health education is an example of V level of prevention health education which is it's a Primary Primary Level of Prevention Primary Level of Prevention Primary Why Level of Prevention? because in this We tell them and give them information, so that So that the disease can be prevented. And In this we come to specific protection.

[01:01:01]Specific Protection.

[01:01:04]Like for example immunization.

[01:01:08]For example, there is immunization.

[01:01:10]When we do immunization, it is specific Protection means a specific It is done for a particular disease, right? As If we give BCG, then why do we give BCG?

[01:01:15]Do you give? To prevent tuberculosis For. So a specific protection is available I am getting it. Ok? So health education which It falls in the primary level of prevention.

[01:01:21]Is. So empty in primary level prevention There is no health education. Specific Protection also comes. Moving to the Next imitation is an example of Abhi Abhi I told you specific Protection That is, it is for a specific disease Provides protection. Like we have polio If drops are applied, polio disease can be cured.

[01:01:36]Like we put rota to prevent Yes, let's put Rota drops, five drops.

[01:01:39]so that the child does not have diarrhea Don't get any disease. So a specific You are getting protection against that particular disease From. That Is the Family Separation Prevention We already do it. Not yet diseased Is. Ok? But there is a risk, so we Do it under specific protection. that Rehabilitation falls under the level of Prevention. In which? That is tertiary.

[01:01:57]That is tertiary.

[01:02:03]Tertiary Prevention.

[01:02:05]That is tertiary prevention.

[01:02:08]That is tertiary prevention. that is tertiary Prevention. We call this tertiary prevention.

[01:02:11]Let's say. Then screening test is used To detect the screening we do. What For? so that we Apparent Apparently healthy Ficus religiosa People Who Show no symptoms Look, now there are people who have tuberculosis.

[01:02:34]or those who have BP or those who have diabetes They don't know what we do for them.

[01:02:37]If you use this screening, then this Apparently Healthy People If you have questions If he appears in the exam, why is he screened?

[01:02:41]They use it, they don't use it on sick people.

[01:02:42]Those who know we have diabetes This is not hypertension, we are healthy.

[01:02:46]There is a Peepal tree, they screen it.

[01:02:47]Let's go and check them all. like screen They organize camps etc. Go check them all If someone has blood pressure, he If you don't know then let us find out. Ok?

[01:02:53]Like the hidden cases of Iceberg, those hidden The cases are detected through screening.

[01:02:56]Are. Moving to the Next About Screening tests should have high sensitivity and high sensitivity and simultaneously It should have high sensitivity and high There should also be space. High Sensitivity End Specialty Edge well. There should also be high specification.

[01:03:15]Space There should also be space TV.

[01:03:33]There should not be high specification. Hi [sound of clearing throat] Spacey What does it mean? If we look at the screening Sensitivity. What does high sensitivity mean?

[01:03:40]I know that if a patient who is If the disease is positive then the disease is Tell the truth. The test should tell you that it is true Yes, this person is positive. Correct Is? So we will call it high sensitive. And Specificity means that if any If the test is negative then he should tell us the truth.

[01:03:55]Taste Test What We Truly Detect Let us find out what this person really is?

[01:04:00]It is negative. That's what it means. Let's move forward Let's grow. Sensitivity refers to the Ability of test to correctly identify.

[01:04:07]What I was just telling you, too correctly Identify the true positive.

[01:04:13]True positive means pru positive i.e. that if he is sick, he has a disease, then he Show the same and space refers to if we Ability to test correctly True Negative True Negative True Negative It means if the person is negative then he False positive results show only negative Occurs when a person is now if the fall falls Positive means that he is not a positive person.

[01:04:39]He does not have any disease but he has fallen The test went wrong and he It was shown that this is positive, so at that time what is done?

[01:04:48]We classify it as Rongli.

[01:04:50]In the classified test.

[01:04:53]Rongli Classified Test.

[01:04:59]In the Rongali Classified Test. after this Positive predictive value indicates a Probability that a person with positive Test. Positive predictability. That means that We think we had a prediction Is. If it has these signs and symptoms then it The disease which this person probably has Can. That a person will test positive.

[01:05:14]Ok? What do we call him in person?

[01:05:15]Are?

[01:05:17]actually Actually Having Disease.

[01:05:28]Actually having the disease. Ok? It's simple.

[01:05:31]When we get false negative results If you go, we will declare the test wrong. If The test will have a positive prediction for those who In fact, what the test showed in the patient also There are signs and symptoms. The test is also positive.

[01:05:41]It is positive. So actually the patient It is a disease. What is a negative predictive Is? The value indicates a probability that A person with a negative test. That's a Person With negative test is free from disease.

[01:05:55]Free From Disease.

[01:05:59]Is free from disease. We are negative We had predicted it.

[01:06:02]The same was shown in the test also. symptoms also Were not there. So it means the person is free From disease. Now is our inside end.

[01:06:06]What is prevalence? If we look at We get new cases in incidents.

[01:06:12]Like for example we will say new cases Like for example diabetes hypertension The cases that are new are coming at a particular time particular In the time period, in the time period, we It is called incident. Whenever new cases When Covid happened, we had new cases.

[01:06:29]Whatever new cases were there, so many cases came today If it was in the news, what was it? interior That was our rate. What do we call privilege?

[01:06:35]If this is the incidence then we are the prevalence.

[01:06:36]They say new Plus Old. All the new cases we have came and all our old cases were the same Came in a particular period of time. We To understand this, let us understand it like this. This one There is community. And the cases that are coming from here There is a flow of water that is happening. Ok?

[01:06:52]This is new cases. We will understand this There are new cases. New cases like these are in the news It is being said that yes, today so many cases have come to Jammu.

[01:07:00]of Covid in Kashmir. for example that Of time. Ok? Our cases are already very Everyone has come before this. Right? So this is what There are already cases in our community.

[01:07:07]Are. Now our new ones can also be added here.

[01:07:10]Went. Plus the old ones also came. So New Plus Whatever is old, that is prevalent. Understanding Came? Then Moving Ahead.

[01:07:17]What is point prevalence? point Prevalence.

[01:07:21]Point prevalence is cases of disease.

[01:07:28]Cases of disease. cases of disease cases of Disease existing at one specific point Acisting At One Specific Point at a specific point which is the disease which Our old plus new cases are coming so What do we call that? point Prevalence. This is what we have to keep in it Buddy. In this, old plus prevalence means It is old plus new. end point we That's why I am saying that an existing point Cases that occur at a specified point in time We call it point prevalence.

[01:08:02]Are. Then after that we have our period.

[01:08:03]Prevalence comes. Defines the period Like beans here we also come in this.

[01:08:09]Cases existing in period prevention at the cases Acisting at specified specified Period.

[01:08:24]Now what does specified period mean? One Specified period means that any The disease is only in particular winters It comes. The influenza in Kashmir It comes only in winter. Like in Jammu In which state do most malaria cases occur?

[01:08:38]Are you coming? They come only in summer. So this is a It comes every year after the period of time Is. So point prevalence. Old plus new Cases that will come in that is period Prevalence. Incidence Rate Is Mainly Used To study the new cases. that we usually we [throat clearing sound] use For new cases. But those that are acute Yes, there will be acute diseases. Acute Diseases means diseases that last up to six months We believe that recovery is possible or we You can say for short duration.

[01:09:02]short duration Diseases. Ok? Prevalence has now become this Inside. Prevalence we chronicle For disease. Use for chronic diseases Or we can say long duration.

[01:09:16]Long duration of time. give after We have a rate which we call Attack rate. Attack rate. We call it attack rate when there's a baby outbreak If there is an outbreak of the disease, then that outbreak We say what happens here.

[01:09:30]Went? Disease attack rate has come up. So the attack rate We always use it for outbreaks.

[01:09:35]Then secondary out rate attack rate. Secondary out attack rate jo hota hai that is rate vo The disease is spreading. Ok? spread of disease From one person.

[01:09:50]one person to another when one feels goes that is secondary crude rate is a The death rate is correct and we calculate it.

[01:09:59]There are thousands upon thousands upon thousands mid year population per thousand Mid-year population of the community that is Calculate this with the year population is done. For the same crude birth rate You have to remember the same thing. 1000 Mid Year Population. Look, crude means Death.

[01:10:20]Ok? Throne death rate means when we We look at deaths, birth rates, when We look at birth rates. Impact Motility rate. Impact Motility Rate is seen Infact motility rate. in fact motility Rate we see from live birth.000 Live Birth 1000 live births after that neutral Motility Rate We also see the same 1000 Live Births So we have to remember crude rates that Infant motility from 1000 million population Rate and unit mobility rate here We'll look at the maternal mortality ratio, which How is maternal age calculated?

[01:11:14]Motility Ratio is Calculated 1 lakh 1 lakh 1 lakh Life Birth 1 lakh live births under five mortality rate 1000 live births000 Live birth Simply we have to remember the crude rates We compare it to 1000 median population Let's calculate. Infant and Nuttle Joe We do them with 1000 live births.

[01:11:55]And but our maternal mortality rate Maternal Motility Ratio is 1 lakh.

[01:12:00]Will do it only from live birth. and those under five We do that also with 1000 live births.

[01:12:04]Are. Moving to Next Case Fertility Rate. What is the case fertility rate?

[01:12:10]Fertility means death.

[01:12:14]Death Case means what will happen here Like any case, any patient Diabetes, hypertension, any If it is a disease then how is the fertility rate of the cases How many will we die this year from particular diabetes?

[01:12:30]How do we calculate those things?

[01:12:32]See all things that for this fertility rate we look at Number of Deaths Number of Deaths Number of Deaths From Disease from disease number of deaths from disease Divide We divide the total number of cases of disease Total number of cases in our particular How many were there in the community? Ok? * 100 us Let's see what the number of deaths is.

[01:13:17]We divide it because of disease.

[01:13:19]Total number of how many like from diabetes How many deaths have occurred and total cases at that place?

[01:13:22]how many were there in that area and into We do that by moving it from 100 to Next Standardized Disordered Motility Rate is used To say the first is proportional motility.

[01:13:32]Rhett Measures the Deaths Due to Joe Pro What is the use of proportional motility rate?

[01:13:36]what does she major in if we We'll see she does the major.

[01:13:41]Particular particular cause edge proportion Age proportion of all deaths due to particular cause What is? As many deaths as there are total deaths If it has happened then how much is it due to a particular cause Went? That is, for example, foodborne disease If it happens, how many deaths will it cause? a water bun If there is a disease, how much will it affect whom?

[01:14:03]What is the proportion of deaths? From that we If we have to major in something then we The proportion will be based on the motility rate. donation Next comes our standard eyes.

[01:14:09]Motility rate is used to compare. In this We compare Motility Between Motivation between Motility among populations that have different When we see people of different ages So we call it standards.

[01:14:38]Motility Rate When we mean Motility Motility. You will always remember where Motility Totality TAL has come i.e. death Where Morbidity B BDT means It is a disease. Don't confuse this thing with this Will be. Totality came to mean death. So Motility Between the Populations That Have Different There will be different age groups. So there we are Using the standardized mobility rate Is. Our next one is fertility.

[01:14:59]Rate refers to the average number of Children.

[01:15:03]Average number of children.

[01:15:06]A Woman a woman A Woman Wood have during Her Entire reproductive reproductive Which life is reproductive life?

[01:15:28]That is, any number between 15 and 49.

[01:15:32]Entire Product Entire Productive Life A woman can give birth to children in We call it total fertility rate.

[01:15:39]Ok? Then next comes General.

[01:15:41]Fertility rate. General fertility rate which is That is 1000 women.

[01:15:47]1000 women, we calculate it as 1000 Women.

[01:15:53]But which woman? the age that is between 15 to 49 which is the age of 15 to 49 years. 15 to 49 years.

[01:16:06]15 to 49 years. than descriptive Epidemiology Deals With the Distribution of Disease According to the Personal Place and Time. Whenever we look at epidemiology How the disease is distributed So let's see which people got affected.

[01:16:21]Are. Which areas were affected and what Was there time at that time? Analytical Epistemology AIIMS to identify. Joe Analytical Studies She analyzes what happens. of analytical Meaning she analyses. She investigates, Find out what the cause of the disease would be?

[01:16:34]Like Covid 19 happened, so Covid 19 What? If there is an outbreak somewhere Analytical study will be done to find out who is there There will be C disease. Experimental Epidemiology Involves here we will give intervention.

[01:16:45]Here we provide intervention. here We have to remember that there will be R, there will be C, There will also be T. There will also be randomization. We The group will be selected randomly. control There will also be a group. A group intervention Will give you my treatment. The second group is us with similar characteristics Will keep it for comparison. End Treatment. Treatment means what we Intervention is what we manipulate. So In this we simply have to remember that here We provide intervention. giving intervention Are. Ok? And the research here is Gives cause and effect. Cause and effect.

[01:17:13]Cause and effect. Ok? That means that he Manipulates something. any intervention Like beetroot, beetroot can cure anemia.

[01:17:20]Will be done. We are giving in anemic females Are. so ah I mean in anemic females we Giving beet root. So we intervene They are giving that treatment or intervention.

[01:17:28]We said we were looking into it and found that there was anemia.

[01:17:30]Now we gave the treatment. Now let's see How will its effect come? What is bitter root?

[01:17:33]Everyday having a juice of a glass Will they be cured with glass or not?

[01:17:37]Will go. then observational studies them we They also say descriptive. Classified These are descriptive and analytical Analytical and observational studies. Correct Is? What do cohort studies do for us?

[01:17:50]Cohort studies, which are This is a longitudinal study.

[01:18:00]Longitudinal studies are done. The R The Longitudinal Studies. Longitudinal Joe It lasts for a very long time and for a long time Like we read about the court yesterday. We are similar Let's look at groups of characteristics. One Whatever is there is exposed, cigarette Of smoking. One is cigarette smoking Is not exposed. Then both of them We compare. So that's us cohort I do it in studies. Cohorts Studies Begins the Exposure and Proceed Towards Outcome Proceed Towards Outcome. We see that What was our outcome of the studies?

[01:18:34]We compare the two groups. Here We have a group. Here's the second group It happens. This group is smoking cigarettes He is smoking. what about both it occurs? Both of them suffer from lung disease.

[01:18:42]Both of them suffer from lung disease. to both There is a problem in the lungs. Lung Disease It would have happened. So let's compare them.

[01:18:47]So that we can know whether cigarettes Are you having any problems with smoking?

[01:18:51]It is not happening. Ok? So look at the outcome Are. Case Control Study Begins With Case Control Study Begins With [sound of clearing throat] That is bigger with outcome, this too is from outcome only.

[01:19:03]We will see the outcome in this but we You should know the difference here, which is this one In this we see Retrospective Retrospective studies Meaning forward looking, what we see Forward Forward-looking studies Studies We brought two groups. then them Compared it. He was smoking a cigarette, One did not do it. So this retrospect For prospective. But the case which We use control over what For? For the retrospective.

[01:19:33]Retrospective For. And in this too we only see the outcome Are. We have already understood the odds ratio. As Same odd ratio is calculated from this We are. Ok? For example, 60% of cigarettes Used to smoke. 40 What is it that they do not do Were. So what will be the odds ratio? 1.5. Ok?

[01:19:50]The relative risk indicates the strengthening of Associated Strengthening of Associated Strengthening of Associated between between exposure and resulting outcome of Disease Between the Exposures and outcome exposure and outcome between the Exposure and Outcome After this, next we will go to this one.

[01:20:21]Gaya Next is Cross Section Study Measures What is the major cross sectional study?

[01:20:26]Does it? If we look at the cross sectional She majors in studies. Same single point at Beans Single What is a cross sectional study at this point?

[01:20:37]it occurs? He is a particular time At a particular period of time, she observes that What a scene this disease is. Like Ah For For example, if you were getting COVID-19, What were we doing during Covid 19? We are one Let's take a snap. In a snap we see Yes, there are so many cases everywhere.

[01:20:50]I am coming. So those are cross sectional studies.

[01:20:52]Went. Moving forward to cross-sectional studies Randomized control trial is considered the Gold Standard for Testing the efficacy of treatment.

[01:21:07]Testing the efficacy of treatment.

[01:21:18]Testing the efficacy of treatment. when we We provide randomized control trials.

[01:21:22]Let's see what Randomly does? We See what's happening with the beetroot? Beat Is anemia cured by root or not?

[01:21:27]Used to be. Ok? So we have a standard Give golden trials. We are a group Every day for a few months in Morning Warning Give juice. We see that someone from There has been a difference. No difference with this treatment No. What is its efficacy? his What is efficiency? Ok? Vice Inn Epimology Vice in epimology refers to error the if What will be the error?

[01:21:48]error error will occur Distort The True Results That distorts the true results We call it distorting the results Voice Epidemiology Next Confounding Factor Compounding Factor If we see, who do we call?

[01:22:12]The Compounding Factor Is a Link to Both Exposure and Outcome. Link Link to Both exposure and exposure and outcome. The outcome that I I have explained it to you so far. The exposure that I That is what I have explained to you so far. Selection by.

[01:22:34]Selection by when sampling will be done.

[01:22:36]Sampling is a research language when We choose the subjects for our study To be added to.

[01:22:44]recall bias which is recall bias in which we Do you speak? This bias that exists in what?

[01:22:48]Do you know? This usually comes in which studies In? In the studies in which we such as case control Like case control studies. Ok?

[01:23:02]Like case control disease. In this We have to recall. like we them Are you saying that you had lung disease?

[01:23:07]Do you smoke any cigarettes etc. Were there or were not there. Ok? Moving Ahead We will see surveillance is defined as Continuous and systematic collection of Health data.

[01:23:29]What is passive surveillance?

[01:23:32]Routine reporting of cases routine Reporting Off cases Okay, what happens next is active surveillance?

[01:23:46]Is I have the money, I bring cases routinely.

[01:23:51]Active surveillance has become a search Searching new cases and who does this?

[01:23:58]health care worker health care worker What is sentinel surveillance?

[01:24:11]reporting sites it's a reporting Sites. Where are there any such sites?

[01:24:18]Where we report. Yes, this case This case is present here.

[01:24:22]What is ICD IID SP stands for For? Sometimes it is asked in the exam that What does it mean? It means Integrated Integrated Disease surveillance surveillance program surveillance program program and this ICDA which is Integrated Disease Surveillance means that in this We launched a disease surveillance program in which we saw that we could Find out and it came it happened is in 2004 It was launched in 2004 What was this, was that all of us Diseases to detect diseases Surveillance System for Epidemic Prone Diseases Epidemic epidemic prone Epidemic disease for diseases which is a Outbreak occurs in a particular area only.

[01:25:20]If so, we can save ourselves from those diseases.

[01:25:22]we can eliminate this ICIDSP Ka m tha outbreak investigation big with Verifying and Confirming Varying Verifying and Confirming Confirming Outbreak Until we know about the outbreak It won't work until we take our first step.

[01:25:47]Whatever is, will be. First Step of Outbreak Investigation is to be confirmed. Ok?

[01:25:52]Outbreak Invasion Biggs Only Happens That We will verify and confirm that this is the case.

[01:25:55]It may or may not have been. then after that When we find out that this is the case, then First, we diagnose whether The thing has happened. Like when we first came across someone If it was there then it was diagnosed first. yes this I have got a disease. This is a respiratory disease.

[01:26:07]Then what is the epidemic curve?

[01:26:08]Pattern Timing Pattern pattern And we can talk about timing.

[01:26:20]For any disease to occur, whenever it The peak comes back Likely source of outbreak or timing or Likely Source of outbreak Likely source of outbreak. Moving Ahead What is a point source epidemic? point Source This is terminology. It is very simple.

[01:26:46]This terminology will tell you exactly this wording.

[01:26:48]You have to remember to keep it with me like I'm keeping it with me Am. We talk about when Sharpe Rise happened Is? Sharp Rise Point Source Epidemic. Epidemic One There is an outbreak in a particular place.

[01:26:58]At a particular time. Ok? So the point Source means its fastest.

[01:27:02]Like Covid 19 came, at one time this also It must have been when it reached its peak.

[01:27:05]Too many cases came at that time Will be. Ok? That's what we call a point Source Epidemic. Then these gradually fall too It happens. How to fall gradually Fall happens. How to Gradual Fall Gradually Does it fall? We see these things too.

[01:27:21]then propagate Epidemic shows. Propagate Epidemic Show Us Performs a series of regular successive peaks.

[01:27:28]Series of regular Successive Peak. Regularly Joe repeatedly highest cases I have come to show these things to them.

[01:27:40]This thing comes for us. Then Common Source of outbreak results from the Exposure to single contamination of SingleNation.

[01:27:51]A single contamination can cause an outbreak Can. Like someone is becoming water, someone Food Born is happening. When someone's food Born to be contaminated food which is It was like there was a fair going on there.

[01:28:00]Everyone in the community consumed that food.

[01:28:02]If you do this, yes, you will break out and get diarrhea.

[01:28:03]etc. or used contaminated water If it is going then it is happening because of him. donation Then comes the epidemic refers to the Occurrence of disease cases. Epidemic I Till now I have spoken clearly Clearly In access of what is normal expected As many cases as normally expected, yes some People can get sick, but when more than that If it is more than this, we call it an epidemic.

[01:28:32]will also say okay in an area There is a pandemic in the particular area after that The pandemic has become a pandemic when this disease is all over the world.

[01:28:40]The world becomes the world wide world The pandemic has become widespread and circular.

[01:28:48]Area Spardik happened. Now Spardik also sometimes is asked which means irregular Or should we say scattered?

[01:29:09]Cases. Cases that are thugs, some cases Some cases are here, some are somewhere else, that is that it is not in the particular area so much It is like for example in Kashmir Some cases are not like this, outbreak in Bargaon If it has happened then there are some big cases.

[01:29:19]Some cases are coming in Badgaon, Anantnag I have some irregular scattered in Bermula So what do we call it, it is called speak.

[01:29:25]has then change of infection improves agent Reserve Portal of Egg Mode of Transitor Portal of Entry and also in What do we know about this suspicious host?

[01:29:34]Everything will happen if there is no host then there will be no disease.

[01:29:36]Where will the host go? Should the host be the host?

[01:29:38]What should that be? whose The immune system is low. That means we It will be called sustainable Host.

[01:29:49]Ok? After Sustainable Host Reservoir of infection defined as habitat By the Agent Gro. where it grows It will go and multiply.

[01:30:02]Where it will grow and multiply Will be done. Moment refers to skin such as We will have food and drinks. Ok?

[01:30:09]What will be in it? There will be infection. Carry End Transport the infection.

[01:30:15]Caris End Transport Infection.

[01:30:23]Like for example there are utensils.

[01:30:26]utensils etc. which are there or for example There is a towel. Ok? towel which is in it We also have micro organs etc. which We can do anything by calling it fomatic.

[01:30:34]Fomatis speaks. Then vehicle bone Transmission Vehicle Bone Transmission We Him It is said that whatever happens due to food.

[01:30:41]Vehicle bone transmission is what we call it.

[01:30:43]Who Food Key Contaminated Food Water Blood contaminated food It may happen due to watery blood. But what Should it be?

[01:30:57]Which is contaminated i.e. dirty. donation After that bacteria are born which It is caused by bacteria. bacteria Like malaria is a mosquito Mosquitoes etc. are for example their reason So when we get diseases then we What do you call them? Like Living organisms or any insect Insects here Their we better one. What is heart immunity?

[01:31:19]it occurs? To understand heart immunity We understand. hard immunity that occurs That is the group and population Groups and populations to spread to spread infection When a high Proposition Is Immune Ok Is Immune When the high proportion is immune. We We will say that heart immunity Then we say when a group of population which He has a good immunity So that he can spread the disease. Correct Is? After heart immunity, next we Let's ask what is its threshold?

[01:32:13]hard immunity threshold Basic reproduction number of the disease. Basic Basic reproduction on number of the disease.

[01:32:31]The third hold depends on Basic Basic Reproduction.

[01:32:41]Basic Reproduction Number of disease.

[01:32:47]How is that disease reproducing?

[01:32:49]Disinfection by hisaab refers to the process In the disinfection of destroy, we destroy What do you do pathogen pathogenic organisms pathogenic Organisms But it is not necessary here that Their spores may also have been destroyed. Correct Is? Sometimes spurs that are in disinfection They do not exist. But what are we here for?

[01:33:12]We do? Let's destroy it.

[01:33:14]In sterilization, we destroy Whom? Microorganisms along with their destruction along with their spores it occurs. Then Orthoclave which is Sterilization using steam under pressure.

[01:33:29]It is a sterilization Sterilization Steam Under Pressure. Steam under pressure Kills microbes along with spores and sterilizes them a lot We also read the articles etc. Sterilization etc. is done in this. Ok?

[01:33:48]What is isolation, quarantine, and isolation?

[01:33:50]We will see if there is a difference. quarantine It happens to a healthy person. healthy person who It will, but we doubt it.

[01:33:59]I don't know whether he has any disease or not. Ok?

[01:34:02]Because he has been exposed and infected Person.

[01:34:09]Or from area like we say in Covid 19 Neither to those who come from outside Quarantine because they were exposed.

[01:34:15]It could also be from that area or that person.

[01:34:17]So we will quarantine for some time until The incubation period of that particular disease After that we will see the sign symptoms.

[01:34:23]Come or do tests etc. when it is not possible Then we will free them from quarantine.

[01:34:27]Isolation is here for infected persons What happens to an infected person when we will separate Now the one we tested is positive.

[01:34:37]We completely isolate the one who is sick.

[01:34:39]do. That is the infected person whom we Isolation and quarantine There is a difference. She is healthy in quarantine It happens. We don't know. We just our For safety and the safety of the community, he Let's do it a little differently. Let's separate them.

[01:34:49]It is separate between the two. But In quarantine, we still don't know.

[01:34:52]Is. It may or may not be infected Can. But in isolation we know It happens that this person is who he is It is infected.

[01:35:02]then notifiable diseases must be reported to Authorities.

[01:35:08]Whatever authorities there are, we Should be told. Ok? us for that Designated health authorities whom we have designated them according to the laws We would have kept them. then tell them Needed Ok? They should be reported.

[01:35:24]Then vital statistics include data Related to birth, death, marriage. Ok? When If we look at the vital statistics, it It is said birth, death, marriage. And about whom In? and many other things Like migration.

[01:35:38]such as migration and divorce Divorce and other things are also included in this.

[01:35:44]Comes viral. demographic indicators Includes birth rate, death rate and which rate Does it come into this? This question has also been asked many times.

[01:35:51]Has gone. With this, fertility rate and growth Rate also comes. Fertility End Growth Rate. Fertility and growth rate also come into play.

[01:36:04]If we look at the census in India, this Conducted every 10 years. This JKSSB This has been asked in 202 also. previous year This is the question PYQ. give after that First Population Census in India Was Conducted in which time he conducted Went? That is 1872. 18 We should also know this Needed Conducted in India in 1872 Went. Sample Registration System Provided Data on what data is provided for Does it? Sample Registration Birth and Death Rate Birth Birth End Death rate Death rate at national level at national Birth rate and death rate are seen at the level Is. And it was introduced in India.

[01:36:49]When? If it was introduced in India We will see, this was introduced in India in 1964 to 65 19 64 to 65 samples from 1964 to 65 The registration system that is introduced It happened in our India but it was functional Done, our 1969 became functional Functional In 1969 to 1970 He continued working well till 70.

[01:37:21]Started it. Then Family National Family Health survey is conducted to assess the NFHS stands for National Family Health Survey Look at family health at the national level.

[01:37:31]A survey is conducted for the purpose of It's clear from the name itself, so this what is it being done for Health and family welfare indicators that is health and Health and Family Family Welfare Indicators Indicators Indicators to NFHS provides the data Related to the fertility motility About Fertility about and what does it tell us about It is important to remember that information will be provided Family Planning Nutrition Along with this, it gives us family planning Data is also provided for end nutrition Does.